The Swallow Super Swallow is an American-built general purpose biplane of the late 1920s, developed from the Swallow New Swallow.[2] Versions powered by the 90-hp (66-kW) Curtiss OX-5 engine and the 220-hp (162-kW) Wright J-5 engine are also known as the Swallow 90 and Swallow 220[1] or as the OX-5 Swallow and J5 Swallow.[3][note 1]
| Super Swallow | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | General purpose biplane |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Swallow Airplane Manufacturing Co. |
| Designer | Waverly Stearman[1] |
| First flight | c.1926 |
| Introduction | c.1926 |
| Produced | 1927–29 |
| Number built | >100 |
| Developed from | Swallow New Swallow |
Design and development
editThe Swallow Airplane Manufacturing Co successfully marketed a derivative of the Laird Swallow as the New Swallow in 1924. Already by this time, it was apparent to aircraft designers that steel airframes offered advantages over the traditional wooden airframes as used in the New Swallow.[1] Swallow designers Lloyd Stearman and Walter Beech approached company founder Jacob Moellendick with a plan to redesign the Swallow with a steel structure.[1] Favoring a more conservative approach, Moellendick rejected their suggestion, and Stearman and Beech quit Swallow to found their own company, Travel Air, with Clyde Cessna.[1]
By 1926, however, Moellendick relented, and company manager Charles Laird and designer Waverly Stearman (brothers of E. M. Laird and Lloyd Stearman) presented him with a design for a modernized Swallow.[1] Keeping the original Swallow layout, the Super Swallow fuselage and tail were built on a frame of welded chrome-moly steel tubes, while keeping a wooden structure for the wings.[4] The wooden, parallel interplane and cabane struts were changed to steel "N" configuration.[5] Attention was given to streamlining throughout the design, including the engine cowl,[5] struts,[5] and bracing wires.[4] The wing profile was changed from the Clark Y to the higher-camber USA 27.
The OX-5-powered Super Swallow was issued Approved Type Certificate (ATC) 21 by the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce in December 1927.[6] Hispano-Suiza 8-powered, J-5-powered and Axelson-powered versions were certificated under ATC 50,[7] ATC 51,[8] and ATC 125[9] respectively.
Production continued until 1929.[4]
Operational history
editLike other general-purpose aircraft, Super Swallows were used for recreational flying, short-range passenger flights, and pilot training.[4] One notable Super Swallow owner was rodeo and movie star Hoot Gibson who owned a J5 Swallow.[10]
In the early 21st century, at least two Super Swallows were still flying: serial number 842, registration NC979,[11] and serial number 899, registration N4028.[12] NC979 has been restored to close to original configuration and specifications.[11] N4028 has been extensively modified, including the installation of a Continental R-670 engine in place of its original OX-5.[12] This latter aircraft forms part of the collection of the Experimental Aircraft Association at Pioneer Airport, where it is used to offer joyrides to the public.[12] As of 2024, its owners suggested that it might be the oldest aircraft available to hire this way anywhere in the world.[12]
Other preserved Super Swallows include:
- OX-5 Swallow registration C6191 at the Kansas Aviation Museum[13]
- OX-5 Swallow serial number 968, registration N6070 at the Museum of Flight (modified to replace its engine with a Continental R-670, and painted to represent a New Swallow mailplane operated by Varney Air Lines[14]
- OX-5 Swallow serial number 1012, registration NC7797 at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum[15]
Variants
edit
- Super Swallow
- also known as OX-5 Swallow and Swallow 90; original production version with Curtiss OX-5 engine.[6] ATC 21[6]
- Hisso Swallow
- Super Swallow fitted with Hispano-Suiza 8A or 8E engine.[7] ATC 50[7]
- J5 Swallow
- also known as Swallow 220; Super Swallow fitted with Wright J-5 radial engine.[8] ATC 51[8]
- Swallow F28-AX
- also known as Swallow Special;[16] Super Swallow fitted with Axelson radial engine.[9] Only one known to be built (Canadian registration CF-AUL).[9] ATC 125[9]
Specifications (J5 Swallow)
editData from Juptner 1962a, p.134
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Capacity: 3 passengers
- Length: 23 ft 6 in (7.16 m)
- Wingspan: 32 ft 8 in (9.96 m)
- Height: 9 ft (2.7 m)
- Wing area: 300 sq ft (28 m2)
- Airfoil: USA 27
- Empty weight: 1,716 lb (778 kg)
- Gross weight: 2,700 lb (1,225 kg)
- Useful lift: 753 lb (342 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Wright J-5 9-cylinder, air-cooled radial piston, 220 hp (160 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 128 mph (206 km/h, 111 kn)
- Cruise speed: 109 mph (175 km/h, 95 kn)
- Range: 550 mi (890 km, 480 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,500 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
Notes
edit- ^ The designation OX-5 Swallow is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to OX-5-powered New Swallow aircraft; sometimes even within the same reference.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Bowers 1980, p.106
- ^ Taylor 1989, p.851
- ^ Juptner 1962a, p.66, p.135
- ^ a b c d Juptner 1962a, p.68
- ^ a b c Juptner 1962a, p.67
- ^ a b c Juptner 1962a, p.66
- ^ a b c Juptner 1962a, p.133
- ^ a b c Juptner 1962a, p.135
- ^ a b c d Juptner 1962b, p.72
- ^ Juptner 1962a, p.136
- ^ a b Sargent 2006, p.10–15
- ^ a b c d Experimental Aircraft Association
- ^ Kansas Aviation Museum
- ^ Museum of Flight
- ^ Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum
- ^ Mondey 1978, p.287
Bibliography
edit- Bowers, Peter M. (February 1980). "Lincoln and Lincoln-Page". The AOPA Pilot. AOPA.
- "1927 Swallow – N4028". EAA. Experimental Aircraft Association. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- Juptner, Joseph P. (1962a). U.S. Civil Aircraft, Vol. 1 (ATC 1 – ATC 100). Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers.
- Juptner, Joseph P. (1962b). U.S. Civil Aircraft, Vol. 2 (ATC 101 – ATC 200). Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers.
- "1927 Swallow". Kansas Aviation Museum. Kansas Aviation Museum. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- Mondey, David (1978). The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Aircraft. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books.
- "Swallow Commercial". The Museum of Flight. The Museum of Flight. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- Sargent, Sparky Barnes (November 2006). "Follow the Swallow! Sharing a Family's History". Vintage Airplane. Vol. 34, no. 11. Experimental Aircraft Association.
- Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.
- "OX-5 Swallow". Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum. Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum. Retrieved May 25, 2024.