Shantou, alternately romanized as Swatow[3][4] and sometimes known as Santow,[5] is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative area of 2,248.39 square kilometres (868.11 sq mi). However, its built-up (or metro) area is much bigger with 12,543,024 inhabitants including Rongcheng and Jiedong districts, Jiexi county and Puning city in Jieyang plus all of Chaozhou city largely conurbated. This is de facto the 5th built-up area in mainland China between Hangzhou-Shaoxing (13,035,026 inhabitants), Xi'an-Xianyang (12,283,922 inhabitants) and Tianjin (11,165,706 inhabitants).
Shantou
汕头市 Swatow; Shantow | |
|---|---|
 From top: Zhengguo Temple, Renmin Square, Queshi Bridge, Shantou overview. | |
 | |
 Location of Shantou City jurisdiction in Guangdong | |
  Shantou Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Shantou municipal government): 23°21′14″N 116°40′55″E / 23.354°N 116.682°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Guangdong |
| Municipal seat | Jinping District |
| Government | |
| • CPC Committee Secretary | Fang Lixu (方利旭) |
| • Mayor | Zheng Jiange (郑剑戈) |
| Area | |
| 2,248.39 km2 (868.11 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 9,297.1 km2 (3,589.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 51 m (167 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 5,502,031 | |
| • Density | 2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 4,312,192 |
| • Metro | 12,543,024 |
| • Metro density | 1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi) |
| • Major Nationalities | Han |
| GDP | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 293 billion US$ 45.4 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 53,106 US$ 8,232 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal Code | 515000, 515041 |
| Area code | 754 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GD-05 |
| Language | Min |
| Local dialect | Swatow dialect |
| Website | shantou |
| Shantou | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Shàntóu", as written in Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 汕头 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 汕頭 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Swatow | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Fish-basket Point | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original special economic zones of China established in the 1980s, but did not blossom in the manner that cities such as Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai did. However, it remains eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University, which is under the provincial Project 211 program in Guangdong.
History
editShantou was a fishing village part of Tuojiang Du (鮀江都), Jieyang County during the Song dynasty. It came to be known as Xialing (廈嶺) during the Yuan dynasty. In 1563, Shantou became a part of Chenghai County in Chao Prefecture (Chaozhou). As early as 1574, Shantou had been called Shashanping (沙汕坪). In the seventeenth century, a cannon platform called Shashantou Cannon (沙汕頭炮臺) was made here, and the place name later was shortened to "Shantou". Locally it has been referred to as Kialat.
Connecting to Shantou across the Queshi Bridge is Queshi (礐石) which had been known by the local people through the 19th century as Kakchio. It was the main site for the American and British consulates. Today the area is a scenic park but some of the structures from its earlier history are somewhat preserved. In 1860, Shantou was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin.[6]
It became a city in 1919, and was separated from Chenghai in 1921. 1922 saw the devastating Swatow Typhoon, which killed 5,000 out of the 65,000 people then inhabiting the city.[7] Some nearby villages were totally destroyed.[8] Several ships near the coast were totally wrecked.[9] Other ones were blown as far as two miles inland.[8] The area around the city had around another 50,000 casualties.[9] The total death toll was above 60,000,[10] and may have been higher than 100,000.[9]
In the 1930s, as a transport hub and a merchandise distribution centre in Southeast China, Shantou Port's cargo throughput ranked third in the country. A brief account of a visit to the city in English during this period is the English accountant Max Relton's A Man in the East: A Journey through French Indo-China (Michael Joseph Ltd., London, 1939). On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded Shantou.[11] Japanese forces occupied Shantou until 15 August 1945.[12] The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Shantou on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.[13]
With higher-level administrative authority, Shantou governed Chaozhou City and Jieyang City from 1983 to 1989.[14]
Geography
editShantou is located in eastern Guangdong with latitude spanning 23°02′33″ – 23°38′50″ N and longitude 116°14′40″ – 117°19′35″ E; the Tropic of Cancer passes through the northern part of the city, and along it there is a monument, in fact the easternmost in mainland China, at 23°26′33″N 116°35′20″E / 23.44240°N 116.58885°E.[15] The highest peak in the city's administration is Mount Dajian (大尖山) on Nan'ao Island, at 587 m (1,926 ft); the highest peak on the geographic mainland is Mount Lianhua (莲花山), at 562 m (1,844 ft) in Chenghai District. The city is located at the mouths of the Han, Rong (榕江), and Lian Rivers.
Climate
editShantou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild to warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast, while summer brings the heaviest rains of the year though is much sunnier; there are 8.2 days annually with 50 mm (1.97 in) of rainfall. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 22.58 °C (72.6 °F). The annual rainfall is around 1,618 mm (64 in), about 60% of which occurs from May to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in March to 58% in July and October, the city receives 1,979 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 0.3 °C (33 °F) (unofficial record of −0.6 °C (31 °F) was set on 18 January 1893) to 38.8 °C (102 °F).[17]
| Climate data for Shantou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.8 (92.8) |
35.5 (95.9) |
36.9 (98.4) |
38.8 (101.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
38.8 (101.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.1 (88.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.8 (67.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
0.3 (32.5) |
0.3 (32.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.0 (1.50) |
48.2 (1.90) |
85.9 (3.38) |
146.5 (5.77) |
194.3 (7.65) |
283.0 (11.14) |
223.2 (8.79) |
282.9 (11.14) |
149.2 (5.87) |
34.0 (1.34) |
43.5 (1.71) |
40.9 (1.61) |
1,569.6 (61.8) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.1 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 14.0 | 16.4 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 9.2 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 6.1 | 118.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 83 | 80 | 80 | 76 | 69 | 72 | 71 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 144.8 | 112.5 | 112.0 | 127.3 | 153.8 | 172.6 | 241.9 | 214.5 | 202.7 | 211.9 | 176.8 | 160.0 | 2,030.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 43 | 35 | 30 | 33 | 37 | 43 | 58 | 54 | 55 | 59 | 54 | 48 | 46 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[18][19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[20] | |||||||||||||
Administration
editShantou is a prefecture-level city. It has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county.
| Administrative divisions of Shantou | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division code[21] | English name | Chinese | Pinyin | Area in km2[22] | Population 2010[23] | Seat | Postal code | Divisions[24] | ||||
| Subdistricts | Towns | Residential communities | Administrative villages | |||||||||
| 440500 | Shantou City | 汕头市 | Shàntóu Shì | 2248.39 | 5,389,328 | 515000 | 37 | 32 | 517 | 548 | ||
| 440507 | Longhu District | 龙湖区 | Lónghú Qū | 119.42 | 536,356 | Jinxia Subdistrict | 515000 | 5 | 2 | 80 | 32 | |
| 440511 | Jinping District | 金平区 | Jīnpíng Qū | 146.15 | 810,284 | Shipaotai Subdistrict | 515000 | 17 | 169 | |||
| 440512 | Haojiang District | 濠江区 | Háojiāng Qū | 179.89 | 267,463 | Dahao Subdistrict | 515000 | 7 | 60 | |||
| 440513 | Chaoyang District | 潮阳区 | Cháoyáng Qū | 664.91 | 1,626,357 | Wenguang Subdistrict | 515100 | 4 | 9 | 93 | 179 | |
| 440514 | Chaonan District | 潮南区 | Cháonán Qū | 596.42 | 1,288,165 | Xiashan Subdistrict | 515100 | 1 | 10 | 65 | 167 | |
| 440515 | Chenghai District | 澄海区 | Chénghǎi Qū | 429.43 | 800,399 | Chenghua Subdistrict | 515800 | 3 | 8 | 45 | 137 | |
| 440523 | Nan'ao County | 南澳县 | Nán'ào Xiàn | 112.17 | 60,304 | Houzhai Town | 515900 | 3 | 5 | 33 | ||
As of 2003, the district of Haojiang was established out of Hepu and Dahao which had been merged, and the district of Jinping Shengping and Jinyuan; Waisha and Xinxi Town, part of former Chenghai City, was merged into Longhu District; Chenghai City became Chenghai District; Chaoyang City was divided and became Chaoyang and Chaonan District respectively.
Economy
edit
Shantou's economy is medium by Guangdong standards. Manufacturing accounts for a large and increasing share of employment. Canning, garments, lithography, plastic, and toys are some of the principal products. Toy manufacturing is the city's leading export industry, with 400 million U.S. dollars worth of exports each year. Canaton Calculator Co. is a multinational electronic devices manufacturing company.
Guiyu, a populous town in Chaoyang District, is the biggest electronic waste site on earth.[25] Health-environmental issues incurred have concerned international organizations such as Greenpeace.
In 2000, the biggest tax fraud in the history of the People's Republic of China was uncovered, estimated worthy of 32.3 billion yuan. In 2017, the analyzed data of Shantou GDP is approximately 230 billion yuan(US$35.4 billion).
Development zone
editWith an area of 2.34 km2 (0.90 sq mi), Shantou Free Trade Zone lies at the south part of Shantou city. It was ratified by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and founded in January 1993, and it formally came into use on December of the same year after its supervision installations were checked and accepted by the General Administration of Customs. It has been comprehensively developing export processing, storage, international trade, finance and information industry. Its goal is to establish a modernized international zone that is open to overseas by drawing experience from international free trade zones.[26]
Demographics
edit
Shantou is one of the most densely populated regions in China. Former Chaoyang City was China's most populous county-level administrative region, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Shantou has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county, and the six urban districts of Shantou have a population of 5,330,764.[citation needed]
Metro area
editWith it and the surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou, the administrative metropolitan area known as Chaoshan covers an area of 10,404 km2 (4,017 sq mi), and had a permanent population of 13,648,232 as of the 2020 census. Nevertheless, its built-up area spread on 11 districts, Puning city and Raoping county was home to 12,543,024 inhabitants as of 2020 census.[1] This is de facto the fifth built-up area of China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River Delta megacity, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation, Beijing and Hangzhou-Shaoxing agglomeration.
Languages
editMost residents are linguistically Chaoshan Min. Chaoshan dialect is a variant of Min Nan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in the neighbouring Southern Fujian and Taiwan. There are also Hakka, popularly known as Half-Hakka (半山客), living mainly in Chaoyang District and Chaonan District, although they speak Chaoshan on a daily basis and practise Chaoshan culture. The Mandarin-medium education system, widely promoted throughout China, has made most people, especially younger generations, speak Mandarin fluently. Cantonese language TV and labor migrations to the Pearl River Delta has also made Cantonese widely spoken as a third language by the younger generations.
Governmental statistics show that 2.16 million overseas Chinese have roots in Shantou, with significant populations of Teochew people residing in Thailand and Cambodia, which constitute a majority of Thai Chinese and a majority of Chinese Cambodians. This is demonstrated by the unusually high number of international direct flights between Bangkok and Shantou. In addition, there are at least two Teochew-speaking air hostesses on board each China Southern flight between Shantou and Bangkok.[27] The Teochew presence, furthermore, is evident in Singapore and Malaysia; Johor Bahru, a coastal city situated at the latter's southernmost tip, is known as 'Little Swatow', due to the majority local Chinese populace is dominantly Teochew and as well as the second largest group of the local Chinese population in Singapore.
Culture and lifestyle
editShantou people share the same culture with other Teochew. The tea-drinking tradition widely practised in town is a classic instance. According to China Daily, Shantou people "drink more tea than anyone else in China, in total 700 million yuan (US$87.5 million) each year".[28]
Religions
edit
Most of the population in Shantou is non-religious or practices traditional folk religions, Buddhism, Taoism, or worship of Chinese deities and ancestors. About 2% of the population belongs to an organised religion, with 40,000 Protestants, 20,000 Catholics and 500 Muslims.[29] St. Joseph's Cathedral of Shantou is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shantou.
Infrastructure
editHealth
editThe public hospitals in the Shantou metropolitan area are operated by the Government of Shantou. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities are coordinated by Shantou Board of Health.
Utilities
editShantou's electricity is provided entirely by China Southern Power Grid, postal service operated by China Post.
Telecommunications
editShantou is one of the most important international telecommunications ports in China. Four international submarine communications cables land at Shantou submarine cable landing station, including APCN 2, China-US Cable Network, SMW3 and South-East Asia Japan Cable System (SJC).[30]
China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile provide fixed lines, broadband internet access and mobile telecommunications services there.
Transport
edit
Urban transport
editPublic transportation is provided by bus, ferry, bike sharing system and taxi. Residents also travel by private car and motorbikes. There are two bridges throughout the city that cross the Shantou Harbor: the Queshi Bridge and Shantou Bay Bridge. A metro system is planned with construction of 3 lines (Lines 1, 2, and 3) commencing in 2018 and opening of the system planned in 2020.
Air
editShantou previously had its own civil airport, Shantou Waisha Airport. It was formerly the main airport serving the Shantou until nearby Jieyang Chaoshan Airport was opened on 15 December 2011. Shantou Waisha Airport became a military airbase since then and all civilian flights were transferred to the newly built airport in Jieyang.[31] Taxi is the usual way to travel between the airport and the city proper. The taxi fare is around 60 RMB. Airport-Downtown Shantou shuttle charter is also suggested. Based in Shantou, Shantou Airlines Co. operated by China Southern Airlines has a 15 aircraft fleet in service.
Railways
edit
There are 3 railway stations which serve Shantou: Chaoshan Railway Station and Chaoyang railway station which lie on the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway line, and Shantou Railway Station which lies on the Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou Railway and is under construction for the Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou 350 km/h high speed railway.
Tourism attractions
edit- Shantou Times Square light show (19:00-21:00 on Friday and weekend)
- Shipaotai Park (Chinese: 石炮台公园; pinyin: Shí pàotái gōngyuán)
- Chen Cihong's Former Residence (陈慈黉故居; Chén Cíhóng gùjū)
- Nan'ao Island, rated as Guangdong's most beautiful island by China's National Geographic magazine
- Palace-Temple of Old Mother (老妈宫; Lǎo Mā gōng): dedicated to Mazu, Goddess of Sea
- Temple of Emperor Guan (关帝庙; Guān Dì miào): dedicated to Lord Guan
- Tropic of Cancer Symbol Tower (北回归线标志塔; Běihuíguīxiàn biāozhìtǎ): The Tropic of Cancer slips through Centipede Mountain, which is 20 kilometers away from the city properly.
- Shantou Museum (汕头博物馆; Shàntóu bówùguǎn): An art museum.
- Shantou Founding Museum (汕头开埠博物馆; Shàntóu kāibù bówùguǎn): This history museum is devoted to the establishment of Swatow (Shantou) as a treaty port in the 19th century, not to be confused with Shantou Museum.
- Old town of Swatow and Dr. Sun Yat-sen memorial pavilion (汕头老市区和中山纪念亭; Shàntóu lǎo shìqū hé Zhōngshān jìniàntíng)
- Chaoshan Historical and Cultural Exhibition Center 潮汕历史文化博览中心 is a museum includes four major exhibition areas: Chaoshan cultural relics exhibition area, Chaoshan folk customs exhibition area, overseas Chinese cultural exhibition area, and calligraphy and painting art exhibition area.
- East Coast Avenue (东海岸大道; Dōng hǎi'àn Dàdào)
The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum (文革博物馆; Wéngé bówùguǎn) was the country's only museum dedicated to the Cultural Revolution. It closed in 2016.
Media
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2012) |
In 1912 Swatow had four newspapers, all in Chinese. They were Han Chao Pao, Ming Chuan (People's Rights), Ta Fung Pao (The Typhoon), and Ta Tung Pao (Eastern Times).[32] In 2018, Shantou Metropolis Daily Post and Shantou Special Economic Zone Evening News both stopped their traditional newspaper business and transform into e-newspaper newspapers. Meanwhile, the Shantou Daily[permanent dead link] (Municipal) keep providing both newspaper service and e-newspaper service for Shantou citizens and other readers.[33]
Education
editEducation is overseen provincewide by the Guangdong Education Bureau.
Primary and secondary
editShantou has a host of well-known schools:
Colleges and universities
edit
Sports
edit- Haibin Stadium (Jinping District)
- Zhengda Stadium (Longhu District)[permanent dead link]
- Shantou Natatorium and Diving Stadium Archived 9 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Haojiang District)
- Youngsters Soccer Court of Shantou Times Square Archived 9 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Downtown)
- Fitness square and tennis courts of Xinghu Park Archived 9 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Longhu District)
- Shantou Citic Golf Club(27Holes) (Haojiang District)
- Shantou Jinfeng Sports Park(Including golf course, basketball fields and soccer courts)(Longhu District)
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Cần Thơ, Vietnam (2005)
Haifa, Israel (2015)
Kishiwada, Japan (1990)
Saint John, Canada (1997)
Friendly cities
editShantou has friendly relations with:[34]
Bangkok, Thailand (2000)
Durrës, Albania (2015)
Fairfield, Australia (2005)
Federal Way, United States (2013)
Johor Bahru, Malaysia (2011)
Khabarovsk, Russia (2019)
Leiria, Portugal (2018)
Libreville, Gabon (2015)
Puntarenas, Costa Rica (2014)
Pyeongtaek, South Korea (2003)
Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2024)[35]
Notable people
editMany notable Chinese come from Shantou or their ancestral home is Shantou.
Entrepreneurs
edit- Mainland China
- Huang Guangyu (1969–), Chairman of Gome Group and once the richest persons in Mainland China
- Ma Huateng (1971–), Founder of Tencent Computer System Co., Ltd and creator of QQ
- Ji Haipeng, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Logan Property Holdings Co, Ltd.
- Yao Zhenhua, the chairman of Baoneng Group, China's fourth-richest man as of January 2017
- Xie Jian, the chairman of Leyu Bricks
- Thailand
- Low Kiok Chiang (1843–1911), founder of Khiam Hoa Heng entreprises (1872-1950s)
- Dhanin Chearavanont (1939-), Senior Chairman of CP Group, Thailand's largest private company and Forbes ranked.
- Hong Kong
- Sir Li Ka-shing GBM KBE JP (1928–; Chaozhou), tycoon, the chairman of the board for CK Hutchison Holdings.
- Lim Por-yen (1914–2005), media tycoon, banker and charitarian
- Singapore
- Tang Choon Keng (1901–2000), founder of Tangs
Entertainment
edit- Hong Kong born
- Emil Chau (1960–) actor and singer
- Kwong Wah (1962–), actor and singer
- Canti Lau (1964–) actor and singer
- Sammi Cheng (1972–) actress and singer
- Kent Cheng (1951-), actor
- Mainland China
- Cai Chusheng (1906–1968), director, and his film Song of the Fisherman (渔光曲) received the first international film prize in China's history
Other
edit- King Taksin (Zheng Xin) (1734–1782), Thailand King from 1767 to 1782
- Hsu Shu-hsi (1892–1982), Chinese diplomat
- Nuon Chea (1926–2018), Cambodian politician
- Wu Nansheng (1922-2018), former Secretary of Guangdong Provincial Party Committee
- Adele M. Fielde (1839–1916), missionary and author
- Qin Mu (1919–1992), writer
- Watchman Nee (1903–1972), theologian, and opponent of prosperity theology
- Tan Howe Liang (1933–), Singaporean weightlifting Olympian
- Chua Soi Lek (1947–), Malaysian politician and former President of MCA
- Xu Shilin (1998–), Chinese tennis player, Junior Olympic gold medallist
- Shing-Tung Yau (1949–), American mathematician, winner of the 1982 Fields Medal, the William Caspar Graustein Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University
- Hao Huang Archived 16 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Chinese mathematician, solver of Sensitivity Conjecture and Assistant Professor at Emory University
See also
edit
References
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- ^ OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition. OECD. 18 April 2015. p. 37. doi:10.1787/9789264230040-en. ISBN 9789264230033. ISSN 2306-9341 – via OECD iLibrary.Linked from the OECD here
- ^ Edward Stanford (1908). Atlas of the Chinese Empire (1 ed.). pp. 21, 86.
Swatow{...}Swatow, Kwangtung . 25.14 N 114.2 E
- ^ From postal romanization, based on the local Teochew pronunciation
- ^ from the local Cantonese pronunciation
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- ^ a b c "The Selga Chronology Part II: 1901–1934". Universidad Complutense Madrid. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
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- ^ 日军入侵 汕头沦陷. step.com.cn. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
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- ^ McGinniss, Joe. Never Enough: A Shocking True Story of Greed, Jealousy and Murder. Simon & Schuster, 25 December 2012. ISBN 1471108384, 9781471108389. Google Books PT284.
- ^ "中国各地城市的历史最低气温". weibo.com. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ 汕头 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs.
- ^ 汕头市国土资源局. 《汕头市土地利用总体规划（2006–2020年）》 (in Simplified Chinese).
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局 (December 2012). 《中国2010年人口普查分县资料》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
- ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ The Seattle Times (2006). E-waste dump of the world Archived 15 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 March 2007
- ^ RightSite.asia | Shantou Free Trade Zone
- ^ 汕头——曼谷航班有了潮籍空姐. 民航资源网. 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
- ^ China Daily (2006). For all the tea in China, head to Shantou. Retrieved 26 July 2006
- ^ 汕头宗教的主要特征. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Shantou Submarine Cable Landing Station". Submarine Cable Networks website. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ 揭阳潮汕机场今晨起飞首架航机. Netease (in Simplified Chinese). 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, p. 187.
- ^ "再见，为了更好的相遇《汕头都市报》、《汕头特区晚报》". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ a b "International Connections". shantou.gov.cn. Shantou. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ 姚天爵 (13 August 2024). "汕头与金边缔结为友好交流城市 13个项目签约逾6亿元". 汕头日报 (in Chinese).
Sources
edit- Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1912.
Further reading
edit- Herbert Allen Giles (1877). From Swatow to Canton: (overland). SHANGHAI : PRINTED AT THE "CELESTIAL EMPIRE" OFFICE: Trübner LONDON : Trübner & CO. SHANGHAI : KELLY & WALSH. p. 74. Retrieved 10 February 2012.(Harvard University)
External links
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