The Chief of Defence, formerly the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces[b] (Swedish: överbefälhavaren; acronym: ÖB) is the highest ranked professional military officer in the Swedish Armed Forces, and is by NATO terminology the Swedish chief of defence equivalent. The Chief of Defence is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and formally reports to the Government of Sweden, though normally through the Minister for Defence.[5][c] The primary responsibilities and duties of the Chief of Defence (and the charter for the Armed Forces) are prescribed in an ordinance issued by the Government.[6]
| Chief of Defence of the Swedish Armed Forces | |
|---|---|
| Överbefälhavaren | |
 Command flag of the Chief of Defence | |
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| Swedish Armed Forces | |
| Reports to | The Government (in practice through the Minister for Defence) |
| Residence | Karlberg Palace |
| Seat | Lidingövägen 24, Stockholm, Sweden |
| Nominator | Minister for Defence |
| Appointer | The Government |
| Constituting instrument | Förordning (2007:1266) med instruktion för Försvarsmakten (current ordinance) |
| Precursor | None[a] |
| Formation | 8 December 1939 |
| First holder | Olof Thörnell |
| Deputy | Director General of the Swedish Armed Forces |
| Website | Official website |
The Chief of Defence is, apart from the honorary ranks held by the King of Sweden and in the past other members of the Swedish royal family, by unwritten convention normally the only professional military officer on active duty to hold the highest rank (a four-star General or Admiral).[7] An exception was made 2009-2014 when Håkan Syrén was chairman of the European Union Military Committee.
The present Chief of Defence, General Michael Claesson, took office on 1 October 2024.
History
editBefore the modern era, the King was expected to command the forces himself; not seldom on location during war campaigns as shown by Gustavus Adolphus, Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII and Gustav III. This remained the case formally until the 20th century. From the late 19th century onwards, there were no service chiefs of the Army or Navy; all senior service commanders reported directly to the King in Council. Apart from a single Minister for Defence created in 1919 by merging the position of ministers of the land forces and naval forces, no joint command structure existed.[7]
In 1936, a Supreme Commander was intended to be appointed in war-time-only, and on 1 December 1939, during World War II, the first Supreme Commander, General Olof Thörnell, was appointed.[7] In 1942 it was decided to keep this office even after the end of the war. The Supreme Commander would in wartime formally report to the King in Council until the enactment of the new Instrument of Government in 1974, and after 1 January 1975 to the Government.[7]
Heraldry
editThe coat of arms of the Chief of Defence was used from 1991 to 1993. It has since 1993 been used by the Swedish Armed Forces and was used from 1994 to 2001 by the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters. Blazon: "Azure, lesser coat of arms of Sweden, three open crowns or placed two and one. The shield surmounting an erect sword of the last colour".[8]
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Coat of arms of the Chief of Defence used 1991 to 1993.
The command flag of the Chief of Defence is drawn by Brita Grep and embroidered by hand by the Kedja studio, Heraldica. Blazon: "Fessed in blue and yellow; on blue three open yellow crowns placed two and one, on yellow two blue batons of command with sets of open yellow crowns placed two and one in saltire."[9]
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Command flag of the Chief of Defence. -
Command sign of the Chief of Defence.
List of Chiefs of Defence
edit
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Defence branch | Prime Minister | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supreme Commander (1937–2024) | ||||||||
| 1 | General Olof Thörnell RoKKMO, KmstkSO, RVO (1877–1977) | 8 December 1939 | 31 March 1944 | 4 years, 114 days |  Army | Per Albin Hansson | [7] | |
| 2 | General Helge Jung RoKKMO, KmstkSO, RVO1kl, RNO (1886–1978) | 1 April 1944 | 31 March 1951 | 6 years, 364 days | Army | Per Albin Hansson Tage Erlander | [7] | |
| 3 | General Nils Swedlund RoKKMO, KmstkSO, KNO2kl, RVO (1898–1965) | 1 April 1951[d] | 30 September 1961 | 10 years, 182 days | Army | Tage Erlander | [10] | |
| 4 | General Torsten Rapp RoKKMO, KmstkSO, RNO, RVO (1905–1993) | 1 October 1961 | 30 September 1970 | 8 years, 364 days |  Air Force | Tage Erlander Olof Palme | [7] | |
| 5 | General Stig Synnergren KmstkSO (1915–2004) | 1 October 1970 | 30 September 1978 | 7 years, 364 days | Army | Olof Palme Thorbjörn Fälldin | [7] | |
| 6 | General Lennart Ljung KSO1kl (1921–1990) | 1 October 1978 | 30 September 1986 | 7 years, 364 days | Army | Thorbjörn Fälldin Ola Ullsten Olof Palme Ingvar Carlsson | [7] | |
| 7 | General Bengt Gustafsson (1933–2019) | 1 October 1986 | 30 June 1994 | 7 years, 272 days | Army | Ingvar Carlsson Carl Bildt | [7] | |
| 8 | General Owe Wiktorin (born 1940) | 1 July 1994 | 30 June 2000 | 5 years, 365 days | Air Force | Carl Bildt Ingvar Carlsson Göran Persson | [7][11] | |
| 9 | General Johan Hederstedt (born 1943) | 1 July 2000 | 31 December 2003 | 3 years, 184 days | Army | Göran Persson | [7][12] | |
| 10 | General Håkan Syrén (born 1952) | 1 January 2004 | 24 March 2009 | 5 years, 82 days |  Navy (Amphibious Corps) | Göran Persson Fredrik Reinfeldt | [7] | |
| 11 | General Sverker Göranson (born 1954) | 25 March 2009 | 30 September 2015 | 6 years, 189 days | Army | Fredrik Reinfeldt Stefan Löfven | [13] | |
| 12 | General Micael Bydén (born 1964) | 1 October 2015 | 30 September 2024 | 8 years, 365 days | Air Force | Stefan Löfven Magdalena Andersson Ulf Kristersson | [14] | |
| Chiefs of Defence (2024–present) | ||||||||
| 13 | General Michael Claesson (born 1965) | 1 October 2024 | Incumbent | 67 days | Army | Ulf Kristersson | [15] | |
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Timeline
edit
Every time a new Chief of Defence is to be appointed, there is some debate between the different services. Some feel that some kind of rotational system would be appropriate. In actuality, most Chiefs of Defence have come from the Army, and only one, Håkan Syrén, from the Navy. Because he is a general of the Amphibious Corps, there has to this day not been a single admiral to hold the office.
List of Deputy Supreme Commanders
editUntil 30 June 1994, the Chief of the Defence Staff was the second most senior member of the Swedish Armed Forces. When the Swedish Armed Forces was reorganized on 1 July 1994, the Chief of the Defence Staff position was abolished. Lieutenant General Percurt Green became the first Deputy Chief of Defence who took office on 1 July 1994. He also held the post of head of the Joint Operations Command (Operationsledningen, OpL).[16]
In conjunction with the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters reorganization in 1998, a special position was created as Deputy Chief of Defence to relieve the Chief of Defence. The Deputy Chief of Defence led the Headquarters work through coordination of the operations. He also exercised employer responsibility for the staff in the Headquarters. In order to coordinate the operations he had a Coordination Department.[17] The Deputy Chief of Defence also acted as the Deputy Agency Executive (Ställföreträdande myndighetschef).[18] A formal position of head of the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters was established in 2002.[19]
From 1 October 2005, the post of Deputy Chief of Defence became the Director General of the Swedish Armed Forces held by a civil servant.[20]
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Defence branch | Prime Minister | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lieutenant General Percurt Green (born 1939) | 1 July 1994 | 30 June 1998 | 3 years, 364 days | Army | Carl Bildt Ingvar Carlsson Göran Persson | [16][21] | |
| 2 | Vice Admiral Frank Rosenius (born 1940) | 1 July 1998 | 2000 | 1–2 years |  Navy | Göran Persson | [21][17] | |
| 3 | Lieutenant General Hans Berndtson (born 1945) | 1 January 2001[e] | 31 October 2004 | 3 years, 304 days | Army | Göran Persson | [23] | |
| - | Lieutenant General Jan Salestrand (born 1954) | 31 January 2013 | 18 March 2013 | 46 days | Air Force | Fredrik Reinfeldt | [24][25] |
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See also
edit- Lord High Admiral of Sweden (historical antecedent)
- Lord High Constable of Sweden (historical antecedent)
Footnotes
edit- ^ There was no single career officer in charge of all the forces before the creation of this position (all senior service commanders reported directly to the King and his Council).
- ^ Chief of Defence has been used since Sweden joined NATO in 2024. Prior to this, the title Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces was used. See sources here:[1][2][3][4]
- ^ Although the Minister for Defence heads the Ministry of Defence, the Minister cannot as a general rule issue directives in his/her own right to the Chief of Defence or any other agency director-general in the defence portfolio due to the Swedish prohibition on ministerial rule, unless such authority is provided for in specific statutory provisions.
- ^ Appointed on 26 January 1951.[10]
- ^ Berndtson was appointed on 19 April 2000. He formally took office on 1 January 2001, but came from 1 July 2000 to help the then newly appointed Supreme Commander, General Johan Hederstedt.[22]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ "Försvarsmaktens gemensamma identitet – direktiv för användandet av Försvarsmaktens namn, profil och bild" (PDF). 1.3 (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 16 September 2013. p. 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
- ^ Gullberg 1977, p. 1233
- ^ The pocket guide to the Swedish Armed Forces 2009 (PDF). Stockholm: Public Relations Office, Swedish Armed Forces. 2009. p. 8. SELIBR 11880292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2021.
- ^ Utrikes namnbok: svenska myndigheter, organisationer, titlar, EU-organ och länder på engelska, tyska, franska, spanska, finska och ryska (PDF) (12th ed.). Stockholm: Utrikesdepartementet, Regeringskansliet. 2024. p. 103. ISBN 978-91-527-6803-7.
- ^ "Supreme Commander". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Förordning (2007:1266) med instruktion för Försvarsmakten" (in Swedish). Swedish Code of Statutes. Retrieved 24 October 2014 – via www.notisum.se.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Överbefälhavare i historien" (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Braunstein 2006, p. 13
- ^ Braunstein 2004, p. 105
- ^ a b Zetterberg 2014, p. 542
- ^ Mortensen 2000, p. B19
- ^ "Johan Hederstedt avgår som ÖB vid årsskiftet". Expressen (in Swedish). TT. 4 November 2003. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ "Sverker Göranson blir ny överbefälhavare" [Sverker Göranson becomes new Supreme Commander] (Press release) (in Swedish). Government Offices of Sweden. Ministry of Defence. 6 March 2009. p. 615. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ^ "Micael Bydén ny ÖB" (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ "Generallöjtnant Michael Claesson blir ny ÖB i höst" [Lieutenant General Michael Claesson will be the new Chief of Defence this autumn] (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ a b Braconier 1994, p. 8
- ^ a b Johansson 1998
- ^ "Nya högkvarteret" (PDF). Flygvapennytt (in Swedish) (2). Stockholm: Flygstaben: 4. 1998. SELIBR 8257600.
- ^ Försvarsberedningen 2004, p. 131
- ^ "Generaldirektör och ställföreträdande chef för Försvarsmakten" (Press release) (in Swedish). Ministry of Defence. 30 June 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2021 – via Mynewsdesk.
- ^ a b Höglund 1998, p. 2
- ^ "Försvaret". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). TT. 20 April 2000. p. A 10. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ "Ställföreträdande ÖB i Försvarsmakten" (Press release) (in Swedish). Ministry of Defence. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 18 February 2022 – via Mynewsdesk.
- ^ "Generallöjtnant Jan Salestrand vikarierande överbefälhavare och chef för Försvarsmakten" (in Swedish). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 21 November 2017.[dead link]
- ^ "ÖB åter på jobbet". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. TT. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- Braconier, Fredrik (7 July 1994). "FN-svenskar försvarar livsviktig "kostig"". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- Braunstein, Christian (2004). Svenska försvarsmaktens fälttecken efter millennieskiftet [The flags and standards of the Swedish Armed Forces after the turn of the millennium] (PDF). Skrift / Statens försvarshistoriska museer, 1101-7023 ; 7 [dvs 8] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Statens försvarshistoriska museer. ISBN 978-91-971584-7-3. SELIBR 9815350. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- Braunstein, Christian (2006). Heraldiska vapen inom det svenska försvaret [Heraldry of the Swedish Armed Forces] (PDF). Skrift / Statens försvarshistoriska museer, 1101-7023 ; 9 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Statens försvarshistoriska museer. ISBN 91-971584-9-6. SELIBR 10099224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- Gullberg, Ingvar E. (1977). Svensk-engelsk fackordbok för näringsliv, förvaltning, undervisning och forskning [A Swedish-English dictionary of technical terms used in business, industry, administration, education and research] (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 91-1-775052-0. SELIBR 8345587.
- Höglund, Jan (3 February 1998). "Chefsflytt oroar ÖB". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- Johansson, Bengt-Arne (1998). "Det nya Högkvarteret". Vårt Försvar: Tidskrift (in Swedish). 109 (3). Stockholm: Allmänna försvarsföreningen. SELIBR 3430365. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- Mortensen, Per (6 May 2000). "DN gratulerar: Stridspilot blir landsvägsriddare". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- Salander Mortensen, Jill, ed. (1996). Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1997 [Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1997] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 91-1-960852-7. SELIBR 3681533.
- Zetterberg, Kent (2014). "Nils Per Robert Swedlund". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 34. National Archives of Sweden. p. 542. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- Försvarsberedningen (2004). Försvar för en ny tid: försvarspolitisk rapport. Ds : departementsserien, 0284-6012 ; 2004:30 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarsdepartementet, Regeringskansliet. ISBN 91-38-22167-5. SELIBR 9534949.
External links
edit- Official website (in Swedish)