Perfumed gloves, also referred to as sweet gloves, are perfumed gloves, often embroidered, introduced to England from Spain and Venice. They were popular as gifts in the 16th and 17th-centuries. Stories describe them as a conveyance of poison for Jeanne d'Albret, Gabrielle d'Estrees,[1] and Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury.[2]
Practice of perfuming
editPerfuming gloves was practised in Spain, and forty valuable pairs were offered as a prize at a 16th-century jousting match. The leather was immersed several times in wine mixed with waters of lily, of roses, orange flowers, cloves, citron, storax, civet, and ambergris. In England, the permanently scented leather was called "washed", perfumed gloves were sometimes called "sweet gloves".[3] Perfuming enhanced the value of the gloves and also masked any residual odours remaining in the leather from the tanning process.[4]
Antoine of Navarre and Jeanne d'Albret employed Gassiot de Serres to perfume their gloves.[5] In 1562, the English ambassador in Paris, Nicholas Throckmorton, wrote to the ambassador in Spain, Thomas Chaloner, asking him to send gloves perfumed with orange flowers and jasmine for himself and his wife.[6] After Mary, Queen of Scots escaped from Lochleven Castle, pairs of perfumed gloves were sent to her in England from her wardrobe in Holyrood Palace, wrapped in goatskin.[7]
Gloves for Princess Mary were perfumed by Cuthbert Blackeden, an apothecary who worked for Henry VIII.[8] Angelo Marie, a perfumer working for Mary, Queen of Scots, added velvet linings to Lord Darnley's gloves.[9] Prince Henry had perfumed gloves made of stag's leather and leather from Córdoba.[10] In 1599, the Earl of Rutland bought "washed" gloves in France, and bought perfuming materials for gloves from a London goldsmith, including pots of cotignac or marmalade of "plums with amber".[11]
Perfuming could be a domestic activity among the English elite. Elinor Fettiplace included methods for washing and perfuming leather with rosewater and fumes of benjamin and perfuming leather gloves in her 1604 recipe book.[12]
Amber gloves
editAmber gloves were perfumed with "grey amber" or ambergris, produced by sperm whales. This was an expensive material, and substitute scents were made from mixes of musk, civet, gum tragacanth and other ingredients.[13] During the election of the Pope in January 1550, the Cardinals placed bets on the outcome, wagering valuable amber gloves, which were "essential" costume in Rome according to the Venetian ambassador.[14] The Spanish ambassador, the Marquis of Hinojosa, brought 200 pairs of amber gloves to distribute as diplomatic gifts at the English court in 1624.[15]
Perfumed gloves as gifts
edit
Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) gave gloves to her daughter Elisabeth of Valois (1545-1568), wife of Philip II of Spain. Isabella D'Este (1474-1539) made her own scents and gave gloves to Claude of France (1499-1524). Perfumed gloves were often given as presents by aristocrats and courtiers in Tudor and Stuart England.[16]
Elizabeth Neville, a daughter of John Neville of Chevet, had a pair of perfumed gloves costing £3-4s in her wedding apparel in 1526.[17] Archangelo Arcano, one of Henry VIII's gunners and military engineers gave the king perfumed gloves, and Princess Mary was given perfumed gloves.[18]
Elizabeth I and perfumed gloves
editThere were fears that gloves could be poisoned, and William Cecil wrote a memorandum for the safety of Elizabeth I, advising caution with gifts of perfumed clothing; "Item, that no manner of perfume, either in apparel or sleeves, gloves, or such like, or otherwise shall be appointed for your majesty's savour, be presented by any stranger".[19]
Some of Elizabeth's gloves were made by John Wynyard, a page of the royal wardrobe. His equipment in 1564 included a perfuming pan made of steel.[20] In 1562, John Dymocke, a jewellery merchant with English court connections visited Eric XIV of Sweden, bringing a gift of perfumed black velvet gloves.[21]
According to Edmund Howes,[22] when Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford returned from Italy in 1576, he brought "gloves, sweet bagges, a perfumed leather jerkin, and other pleasant things". Elizabeth was pleased with the scent of the gloves and thereafter it was known as the "Earle of Oxford's perfume".[23] Although the story is of the period, and later widely popularised by Isaac Disraeli and others, perfume by that name does not seem to have been much used by Elizabethans.[24]
Elizabeth sniffed gloves presented to her at Audley End in July 1578, and put them "half way upon her hands".[25] Around this time, an Italian perfumer of gloves, Guillam Bisco, settled in London's Queenhithe Ward,[26] and in 1583, "Frances Lewcattelly" (Lucatelli) a perfumer of gloves from Venice, who had been given permission to work in London as early as 1569, lived in Blackfriars.[27]
Lady Walsingham gave Elizabeth I scented gloves with cuffs embroidered with seed pearl in January 1589. Court musicians of the Lupo and Bassano families gave Elizabeth I perfumed gloves as New Year's Day gifts in 1599/1600.[28] Lady Anne Clifford gave Spanish leather gloves to Mary Sackville, the wife of Sir Henry Neville in December 1617.[29]
Jacobean diplomacy
editPerfumed gloves were frequently given as gifts by diplomats. In September 1603 the Spanish ambassador to England, the Count of Villamediana, brought a "great store of Spanish gloves, Hawks' hoods, leather for jerkins, and moreover a perfumer".[30] In November Villamediana invited the Duke of Lennox and the Earl of Mar to dinner. According to Arbella Stuart, he asked them "to bring the Scottish ladies for he was desirous to see some natural beauties". The women from the Queen's household who accepted this invitation included Jean Drummond, the young Anna Hay, and Lady Carey. The ambassador gave Lady Carey a present of Spanish leather gloves at the dinner, and afterwards sent a gold necklace. These were diplomatic gifts intended to leverage support for Spanish policy at court.[31]
The Earl of Nottingham was involved in the negotiations with Spain known as the Somerset House Conference and the subsequent ratification of the treaty at Valladolid. The King of Spain, Philip III gave him jewels and gilt plate. Gifts for his wife, Margaret Howard, Countess of Nottingham, included perfumed gloves and other perfumed goods.[32]
References
edit- ^ George William Septimus Piesse, 'The Art of Perfumery and the Methods of Obtaining the Odors of Plants: With Instructions for the Manufacture of Perfumes for the Handkerchief, Scented Powders, Odorous Vinegars, Dentifrices, Pomatums, Cosmetics, Perfumed Soap', Chamber's Journal, (Lindsay & Blakiston, 1867), pp. 188, 189.
- ^ Joseph Hunter, Hallamshire (London, 1819), p. 75.
- ^ M. Channing Linthicum, Costume in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries (Oxford, 1936), pp. 269.
- ^ Lizzie Marx, Sofia Collette Ehrich, William Tullett, Inger Leemans, Cecilia Bembibre, 'Making Whiffstory: A Contemporary Re-creation of an Early Modern Scent for Perfumed Gloves', American Historical Review, 127:2 (June 2022), pp. 881–893.
- ^ Paul Raymond, "Notes Extraites des Comptes de Jeanne D'Albret", Revue d'Aquitaine et des Pyrénées, 11 (1867), p. 118
- ^ Samuel Haynes, Collection of State Papers (London, 1740), pp. 383, 387.
- ^ William James Duncan, Miscellaneous Papers, Principally Illustrative of Events in the Reigns of Queen Mary and King James VI (Maitland Club: Glasgow, 1834), pp. 16, 18
- ^ Holly Dugan, 'Scent', Early Modern Court Culture (Routledge, 2022), p. 433.
- ^ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 16 (Edinburgh, 1916), lxvi, 433.
- ^ William Bray, 'Extracts from the Wardrobe Account of Prince Henry', Archaeologia, vol. 11 (London, 1796), pp. 88-96.
- ^ HMC Rutland, 1 (London, 1905), 417–18.
- ^ Hilary Spurling, Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book: Elizabethan Country House Cooking (London: Viking Salamander, 1986), p. 15.
- ^ Jutta Wimmler, The Sun King's Atlantic: Drugs, Demons and Dyestuffs in the Atlantic World (Brill, 2017), p. 97.
- ^ Rawdon Brown, Calendar State Papers Venice, vol. 5 (London, 1873), p. 298 no. 627.
- ^ Óscar Alfredo Ruiz Fernández, England and Spain in the Early Modern Era: Royal Love, Diplomacy, Trade and Naval Relations (Bloomsbury Academic, 2020), p. 69.
- ^ Holly Dugan, 'Scent', Early Modern Court Culture (Routledge, 2022), pp. 428-9.
- ^ John Croft, Excerpta Historica (London, 1797), p. 78
- ^ S. William Beck, Gloves, Their Annals and Associations (London, 1883), p. 83.
- ^ Nadine Akkerman & Pete Langman, Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade from Elizabeth I to the Restoration (Yale, 2024), p. 211: Samuel Haynes, Collection of State Papers (London, 1740), p. 368.
- ^ Janet Arnold, Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), p. 217.
- ^ Joseph Stevenson, Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, 5 (London, 1867), pp. 217–222
- ^ Edmund Howes, Annales, or a Generall Chronicle (London, 1631), p. 868
- ^ M. Channing Linthicum, Costume in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries (Oxford, 1936), pp. 268-9.
- ^ Holly Dugan, 'Entertaining Perfumers in Early English Drama', Natasha Korda & Michelle M. Dowd, Working Subjects in Early Modern English Drama (Ashgate, 2011), p. 72 fn. 5.
- ^ Janet Arnold, Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), p. 217.
- ^ William Page, Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalization for Aliens in England (London, 1893), p. xlvii: Returns of Aliens Dwelling in the City and Suburbs of London from the Reign of Henry VIII to that of James I (London, 1902), pp. 285, 323: Holly Dugan, The Ephemeral History of Perfume: Scent and Sense in Early Modern England (Baltimore, 2011), p. 144: Holly Dugan, 'Entertaining Perfumers in Early English Drama', Natasha Korda & Michelle M. Dowd, Working Subjects in Early Modern English Drama (Ashgate, 2011), pp. 74-5.
- ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield: Addenda, 13 (London, 1915), p. 222
- ^ John Nichols, Progresses of Elizabeth, vol. 3 (London, 1823), pp. 8, 457-8.
- ^ Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676 (Manchester, 2018), p. 70.
- ^ Sara Jayne Steen, Letters of Arbella Stuart (Oxford, 1994), p. 182.
- ^ Sara Jayne Steen, Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart (Oxford, 1994), p. 192.
- ^ E. K. Purnell & A. B. Hinds, HMC Downshire, vol. 2 (London, 1936), pp. 423-5.