Wikipedia

Syrian peace process

(Redirected from Syrian conflict peace proposals)

The Syrian peace process is the ensemble of initiatives and plans to resolve the Syrian civil war, which has been ongoing in Syria since 2011 and has spilled beyond its borders. The peace process has been moderated by the Arab League, the UN Special Envoy on Syria, Russia and Western powers.[1] The negotiating parties to end the conflict are typically representatives of the Syrian Ba'athist government and Syrian opposition, while the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria is usually excluded at the insistence of Turkey.[2][3] Radical Salafist forces including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have not engaged in any contacts on peaceful resolution to the conflict.

The attempts to find a solution to the Syrian conflict and bring stability to the Middle East began in late 2011, when the Arab League launched two initiatives, but without much success. Russia in January 2012 and in November 2013 suggested talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and the opposition. In March–May 2012, hopes were on a United Nations/Arab League plan coordinated by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan.

In January and February 2014, the Geneva II Conference on Syria took place, organised by then-UN envoy to Syria Lakhdar Brahimi. On 30 October 2015, further talks started in Vienna involving officials from the U.S., the EU, Russia, China and various regional actors such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey and, for the first time, Iran. Peace talks with rebel leadership continued in Astana, Kazakhstan in 2017.[4] The Kazakh officials are offering Astana as a neutral venue and "a natural home" for peace negotiations on Syria.[5] The latest major effort to bring about an end to the war started in October 2019 in Geneva with the convening of the Syrian Constitutional Committee to draft a new constitution for Syria under the auspices of the United Nations.

Timeline

edit

Arab League peace plans 2011–2012

edit
 
Muslims and Christians at a meeting with Arab League monitors in Damascus on 17 January 2012
Main article: Arab League peace plans for Syria

In November 2011–January 2012, the Arab League (AL) twice tried to accomplish an end to Syrian government (and opposition) violence and convince both parties to start talks instead of fighting.

After the Syrian government's agreement to the AL plan of 19 December the AL sent a monitoring mission to Syria. Violence continued and Saudi Arabia on 22 January withdrew its monitors from the mission, and called on Russia, China and all other states to pressure Syria strongly to adhere to the AL peace plan. The Arab League on 28 January 2012 ended its monitoring mission.[1]

Russian peace initiatives for Syria

edit
See also: Russia's role in the Syrian conflict

2012 'informal talks' proposal

edit

On 30 January 2012, the Russian foreign ministry suggested "informal" talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, and said the Syrian authorities had already agreed to the Russian offer. Abdel Baset Seda, a member of the Syrian National Council's executive committee, told Reuters that the SNC had not received any formal invitation for such talks, but would decline if one arrived: "Our position has not changed and it is that there is no dialogue with (President Bashar al-Assad)".[6]

February 2012: offering the fall of Assad

edit

In February 2012, Martti Ahtisaari held talks with envoys of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. During those discussions, the Russian ambassador, Vitaly Churkin, proposed a three-point plan that would bring the Syrian government and opposition to the negotiation table and result in Assad stepping down as president. But, according to Ahtisaari, the US, Britain, and France rejected that proposal, being convinced that fall of Assad's government was inevitable. "It was an opportunity lost in 2012," he said in an interview in September 2015. Other Western diplomats refute Ahtisaari's claims, with one stating, "I very much doubt the P3 [the US, UK and France] refused or dismissed any such strategy offer at the time. The questions were more to do with sequencing—the beginning or end of process—and with Russia's ability to deliver—to get Assad to step down."[7]

Brokerage Proposal, 2013

edit

On 7 November 2013, Russia again announced it was trying to broker talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, seeing that the U.S. and Russian negotiators failed to agree on whether or not Assad should be forced out of office.[8] Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Bogdanov said, the Moscow talks could focus on humanitarian problems as well on some political issues.[8]

Friends of Syria Group, February 2012

edit
Main article: Friends of Syria Group

In February 2012, the then French President Sarkozy initiated an international "contact group" to find a solution for the Syrian conflict, after Russia and China had vetoed a 4 February 2012 UN Security Council resolution.[9] The group held four meetings, all in the year 2012.

Kofi Annan Peace Plan, March 2012

edit
Main article: Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan

The Kofi Annan peace plan (Joint Special Envoy for the United Nations and the Arab League),[10] launched in March 2012, intended to commit both the Syrian government and opposition to a cease fire and commit the Syrian government to initiate deliberations with the opposition on their aspirations and concerns. After Annan on 12 April had assumed that both parties had agreed to a cease fire, the UN already on 1 May had to admit that both parties were violating it.

Geneva I, June 2012

edit

An "action group" conference (now referred to as Geneva I Conference on Syria) was held on Saturday 30 June 2012, in Geneva, initiated by the then UN peace envoy to Syria Kofi Annan,[11] and attended by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov, a representative of China, British Foreign Secretary Hague, and Kofi Annan.[12] Mr Annan, issuing a communiqué,[13] said that the conference agreed [14] on the need for a "transitional government body with full executive powers" which could include members of the present Syrian government and of the opposition.[12] William Hague said that all five permanent members of the UN Security Council—the US, Russia, China, France and the UK—supported Mr Annan's efforts.[12] Clinton however suggested that Syrian dictator Assad could, in such transitional government, not remain in power, which immediately was contradicted by Lavrov.[12]

The Geneva talks were condemned by Ahrar al-Sham leader Hassan Abboud.[15]

16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement

edit

During the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held from 26 to 31 August 2012 in Tehran, Iran and attended by leaders of 120 countries, Iran intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war.[16] but a consensus was not reached between the leaders.

Eid al-Adha cease fire attempt, September 2012

edit
See also: Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan

Lakhdar Brahimi, an Algerian diplomat, appointed on 1 September 2012, as the new UN–Arab League special representative for Syria, appealed on both the Syrian government and the armed opposition to stop the killing during the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha, which fell that year probably on 26 October 2012, and 3 or 4 days after it. Government and most of the opposition groups said 'yes' to his appeal. Yet, according to Brahimi, the lull in the fighting lasted very short, after which both parties accused the other of not having stopped its violence.[11]

Geneva II, 2014

edit
Main article: Geneva II Conference on Syria

The Geneva II Middle East peace conference was a United Nations-backed international (peace) conference, aimed at bringing Syrian government and opposition together to discuss a transitional government. Lakhdar Brahimi, UN special envoy to Syria, tried to pursue the conference in close cooperation with the U.S. and Russia. It started on 22 January 2014 and ended on 31 January; no agreement was reached.[17]

Astana Opposition conference (2015)

edit

In early April, Randa Kassis asked the Kazakh President to host talks in Astana. The President Nursultan Nazarbayev accepted the proposal.[18] This initiative has been criticized by some of Syrian Opposition members.[19] On 25—27 May 2015, a number of Syrian Opposition groups convened in Astana, Kazakhstan [20][21] The Syrian government chose not to attend.[22]

A second conference was held in Astana on 2–4 October 2015; the assembled Opposition groups adopted a declaration that called for the parliamentary election scheduled for 2016 to be held under the supervision of the international community; Nursultan Nazarbayev was asked to step in as a mediator in the Syrian conflict.[23][24][25]

The talks were mediated by Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Askar Mussinov and Director of the French Centre for Political and Foreign Affairs Fabien Baussart. Mme Gulshara Abdykalikova, the Secretary of State of Kazakhstan opened the talks in Astana.[26]

Four Committees Initiative

edit

The Four committees initiative is a proposal put forward by United Nations envoy Staffan de Mistura on 29 July 2015 as a way to start the peace process in the Syrian civil war.[27] There had been no peace talks on Syria since the Geneva II meetings in early 2014 ended in failure.[28]

Zabadani Ceasefire Agreement

edit
Main article: 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement

In September 2015 Hezbollah, an ally of the Syrian government, announced a six-month truce between the rebel-held town of Zabadani near Damascus and two Shia towns in the north-west of Syria. The deal was reached after mediation from Iran.[29]

Vienna Process (since October 2015)

edit
Further information: Syria peace talks in Vienna

On 23 October 2015, the Foreign Ministers of the United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Turkey met and talked in Vienna, Austria, to find a way to end the Syrian conflict.[30]

On 30 October 2015, the first round of the Syria peace talks were held in Vienna with foreign ministers of 20 countries participating: U.S., Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, China, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany and other countries. The ministers agreed on the need of the Syrian government and opposition to start political talks.[31][32] The second round of the Vienna talks held in mid-November produced an agreement on the need to convene Syrian government and opposition representatives in formal negotiations under UN auspices with a target date of 1 January 2016.[33]

A day after a meeting of anti-government factions, including Ahrar ash-Sham, held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on 10 December produced a statement of principles to guide peace talks with the Syrian government,[34][35] Syrian president Bashar Assad said he would not negotiate with "foreign terrorists."[36] Russia also rejected the outcome of the meeting in Riyadh, which it said was unrepresentative and included terrorist groups.[37]

After John Kerry visited Moscow where he met his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov as well as Vladimir Putin on 15 December, it was announced that on 18 December 2015 world powers would meet in New York to pass a UN resolution endorsing the principles of the Syria peace process.[37]

On 18 December 2015, the UN Security Council, having overcome the gridlock on Syria that had persisted since October 2011,[38][39][40] unanimously passed Resolution 2254 (2015), endorsing the ISSG's transitional plan that set out a timetable for formal talks and a unity government within six months; the resolution put UN special envoy Staffan de Mistura in charge of organising Syria talks.[41][42] However, the major powers remained divided on who should represent the Syrian opposition; no mention was made of the future role of Syrian President Bashar Assad.[43][44]

December 2015 Riyadh conference of Syrian opposition groups

edit
Main article: High Negotiations Committee

On 10 December 2015, a two-day meeting started in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, aiming at unifying Syria's opposition groups and forming an opposition delegation for the planned negotiations with the Syrian government (see Syria peace talks in Vienna 14 November 2015 meeting).[45][46]

Syrian Kurdish factions were not represented at the meeting in Riyadh.[46] Jabhat al-Nusra had not been invited because of its assumed 'terrorist links' or al-Qaeda ties.[46]

An agreement emerged on 12 December:[46] 34 opposition groups and individuals allied themselves as 'the High Negotiations Committee'.[47] This included, among others, Ahrar al-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam, but did not include Syrian Kurds[47] and not include some moderate opposition members supported by Russia.[48] Two of the 34 members are women, augmented by a women-only advisory body known as the Women's Consultative Committee.[49]

France announced that "the Syrian opposition" had reached an agreement and had "adopted a common program" in Riyadh.[45] Apart from France and Saudi Arabia, also Turkey and Qatar supported that 'High Negotiation Committee'.[47]

The High Negotiation Committee was tasked with identifying 15 individuals willing and able to serve on the official opposition delegation to the Geneva III negotiations, of which 3 were women.

Russia however said that those gathered in Riyadh did not represent all opposition groups and therefore were not in a position to speak on behalf of the entire Syrian opposition.[45]

Geneva III, January 2016

edit
Main article: Geneva Peace Conference (2016)

On Friday, 29 January 2016, a UN Peace Conference for Syria started in Geneva in Switzerland. At the first day, Syrian government and opposition refused to sit in the same room together. On 3 February 2016, UN envoy Staffan de Mistura suspended the peace talks.[50]

Russian foreign minister Lavrov commented that "the [Syrian] opposition took a completely unconstructive position and tried to put forward preconditions".[citation needed]

Rebel commanders were cited as saying they hoped the peace talks' collapse would "convince their foreign backers, states including Turkey and Saudi Arabia, that it was time to send them more powerful and advanced weapons, including anti-aircraft missiles".[51]

The Syrian Women's Advisory Board, February 2016

edit

UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura announced appointment of a 12-woman advisory body, name the Women's Advisory Board (or "WAB" for short) on 2 February 2016.[52] WAB members include opposition, government sympathizers, and Islamist-tending women.[49] The WAB, however, is politically unaffiliated; the board does not participate directly in the negotiations but does advise the UN mediator on all proceedings.

The WAB has been criticized for the lack of transparency in member selection, with allegations that it is unrepresentative. The Syrian Women's Network went as far as to withdraw from the WAB based on these critiques.[53]

Cessation of Hostilities, February 2016

edit
See also: Syrian Civil War ceasefires § Partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016)

On 12 February 2016, the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) established an ISSG ceasefire task force, under the auspices of the UN, co-chaired by Russia and the United States, and issued a joint communique saying inter alia: "An ISSG task force will within one week elaborate modalities for a nationwide cessation of hostilities."

On 22 February 2016, in Munich, foreign ministers of Russia and the U.S., as co-chairs of the ISSG,[54] announced that they had concluded a deal to seek a nationwide cessation of hostilities in Syria to begin a week later.[55] The deal set out the Terms for a Cessation of Hostilities in Syria. Russia and the U.S. proposed that the cessation of hostilities commence at 00:00 (Damascus time) on 27 February 2016.[54]

The ISSG countries are supposed to monitor compliance with the terms of the truce, which was pronounced as of 29 February 2016, when the ISSG task force met in Geneva, to be largely holding.[56][57]

September 2016 cease fire deal

edit
Main article: U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria § September 2016 US-Russia brokered ceasefire

On 10 September 2016, Russia and U.S. reached a deal on establishing a cease fire between the Syrian Assad government and a US-supported coalition of so-called 'mainstream Syrian opposition rebel groups' including umbrella group 'High Negotiations Committee' (HNC), effective from 12 September, while jointly agreeing to continue attacks on Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (former al-Nusra Front) and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[58]

After US-led coalition airstrikes on Syrian Army troops on 17 September, of which the US claimed it was an accident, the Syrian government declared the ceasefire to be over.

October 2016 Lausanne talks

edit

On 15 October, the U.S., Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar and Iran had talks about the Syrian war, in Lausanne, Switzerland.[59]

Initiation of Astana talks, and ceasefire (December 2016)

edit

In mid-December 2016, Vladimir Putin of Russia and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey agreed to suggest Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, as a new venue for carrying on the Syria peace talks.[60]

On 20 December 2016, the foreign ministers of Iran, Turkey, and Russia agreed, pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 (Dec. 2015), to hold Syria peace talks in Astana, Kazakhstan.[61]

On 28 December 2016, Turkey and Russia agreed on a nationwide ceasefire plan for Syria to go into effect at 00:00 on 30 December 2016.[62][63] The Syrian Democratic Council—representing the Syrian Democratic Forces, an alliance of Kurdish, Arab and Syriac militias mostly led by YPG—was not invited to the talks.[64] ISIL, the al-Nusra Front, and the YPG were excluded from the ceasefire, and the following rebel groups signed up for the truce:

However, the Ahrar al-Sham spokesman denied having signed the deal.[65]

The political efforts by Russia and Turkey were endorsed by the UN Resolution 2336 adopted 31 December 2016.[66]

First round of Astana talks (January 2017)

edit
 
Russia's special envoy on Syria and lead negotiator to the Astana talks, Alexander Lavrentyev, 23 January 2017
 
The International Meeting on Syrian Settlement in Astana, 25 January 2017

On 23 January 2017, a Syrian opposition delegation that included twelve rebel factions convened with Syria's government delegation, headed by Bashar Jaafari, in Astana for indirect talks titled the International Meeting on Syrian Settlement, sponsored by Russia, Turkey and Iran.[67][68] Astana was agreed on as the venue, since it was viewed as neutral by all the parties involved.[69] The opposition side included Mohammed Alloush, the political leader of Jaysh al-Islam,[70] which Russia had proposed designating as a terrorist organisation.[60]

The start of talks in Astana was described as the "Astana-isation" of the Geneva talks, implying a shift towards the Syrian opposition conducting military operations and away from Syrians with only political influence.[71] The talks took place on 23 and 24 January; the first day ended without the sides reaching an agreement.[72] The "Astana Process" talks aimed to support the framework in accordance with the UN Security Council Resolution 2254,[73] and ended on the 24th with an agreement between Iran, Russia, and Turkey to form a joint monitoring body to work to enforce the Resolution 2254 ceasefire.[74]

After the talks in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would inter alia turn the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of federalism like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize secularism by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation.[75][76][77][78]

Geneva IV, February–March 2017

edit
Main article: Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)

The Geneva IV peace talks on Syria were talks between the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition under the auspices of the United Nations. The opposition was represented by the High Negotiations Committee, while the government delegation was led by Syria's UN ambassador, Bashar Jaafari.[79] The talks began on 23 February 2017 and concluded on 3 March. The government delegation sought to focus on counter-terrorism while the opposition sought to focus on political transition.[80]

February 2017 Astana talks

edit

Two days of talks on strengthening the ceasefire regime (see above, Dec. 2016) in the nearly six-year-old Syrian conflict ended 16 Feb in Astana with the adoption of a document to formalise monitoring of the 29 December 2016, ceasefire agreement (see above). The document will guide the activities of a joint operational group to be formed by Russia, Turkey and Iran that was agreed to be set up during the earlier meeting in January in Astana. The document is also meant to guide confidence-building measures among the opposing sides.[81]

March 2017 and May 2017 Astana talks: De-escalation zones

edit
See also: Safe Zone (Syria)

The third round of meetings in Astana held between 14 and 15 March yielded further agreement by all parties to the existing ceasefire agreement.[82] As a result of these talks, Iran joined Turkey and Russia as a guarantor state.[82]

On 4 May 2017, at the fourth round of the Astana talks, representatives of Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed a memorandum to establish four "de-escalation zones" in Syria. The largest one of those included the Idlib Governorate and adjoining districts of Hama, Aleppo and Latakia Governorates; the other three zones were set up in the northern rebel-controlled parts of the Homs Governorate, the rebel-controlled eastern Ghouta, and along the Jordan–Syria border. In those areas, combat operations would be halted as of 6 May 2017; it also envisaged suspension of flights of military aircraft in those areas, as well as the creation of conditions for humanitarian access, medical assistance, the return of displaced civilians to their homes and the restoration of damaged infrastructure. The memorandum was concluded for six months and could be extended automatically.[83][84]

The deal was not signed by Syrian government or rebel groups; rebel representatives rejected it because it left too many loopholes for the Syrian government to continue bombing civilian areas.[85] The Democratic Union Party stated that the ceasefire zones were "dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis".[86]

Astana talks, July 2017

edit

The fifth round of peace talks initially planned for 5–7 July 2017 in Astana, Kazakhstan were moved to 12–15 July 2017.[87] The Astana Process has the support of the UN's Staffan de Mistura who said the Astana talks are making "clear progress" to reducing violence in Syria.[88] The Southern Front boycotted these talks.[89]

As a precursor to these peace talks, on 9 July 2017 at 0900 GMT, an American-Russian-Jordanian brokered ceasefire commenced, though on 14 July, opposition groups participating in the Quneitra offensive rejected the ceasefire, with clashes resuming across Southern Syria.[90][91][92] Besides minor violations from all sides involved, as of 15 July, the ceasefire has held.[89]

Astana talks, September 2017

edit

On 14 September 2017, representatives of Iran, Russia and Turkey in Astana agreed on the implementation of a fourth "de-escalation zone", in the northern governorate of Idlib.[93][94] Kazakh Foreign Minister Kairat Abdrakhmanov affirmed Kazakhstan's commitment to serving as a neutral venue for continued peace talks.[95]

Astana talks, October 2017

edit

The seventh round of the Astana Process on Syrian peace started in Astana with support of both Russia and Iran.[96] The talks maintained previous Astana Process agreements, addressed exchange of detainees, POWs and missing persons. The guarantor states—Russia, Turkey, and Iran—affirmed consensus that a political solution under UN Security Council resolution 2254 should be found.[97]

Astana talks, December 2017

edit

The eighth round of the Astana Process on Syrian peace started in Astana.[98] The talks aimed at ending the nearly seven-year-long conflict in the country, with the humanitarian crisis in the besieged Eastern Ghouta suburb of Damascus at the table.[99] The head of the Syrian Arab Republic delegation called for the "immediate and unconditional withdrawal of foreign forces from Syrian territory" including Turkish and US forces.[100]

Sochi talks, January 2018

edit

In January 2018 Russia convened the Syrian National Dialogue Congress in Sochi, in which 1,500 delegates participated.[101]

Astana talks, March 2018

edit

The ninth round of the Astana Process on Syrian peace took place on 16 March 2018.[102] The trilateral ministerial meeting on Syria was to include Iran, Russia and Turkey.[103]

Idlib memorandum, September 2018

edit

On 17 September 2018 the Russian president Vladimir Putin and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reached an agreement to create a buffer zone in Idlib.[104]

Northern Syria Buffer Zone agreement, August 2019

edit

On 7 August 2019, the United States and Turkey reached a deal, which would set up a new demilitarized buffer zone in northern Syria to preempt a potential Turkish invasion of SDF-held Northern Syria.[105]

Syrian Constitutional Committee in Geneva, October 2019–present

edit
Main article: Syrian Constitutional Committee

In September 2019, Geir Otto Pedersen, United Nations Special Envoy for Syria since 31 October 2018,[106] called for prisoner exchanges as a confidence-building measure between Syrian authorities, opposition groups and civil society groups to take place prior to a planned October 2019 constitution-drafting committee meeting in Geneva. The committee is planned to include 50 people each from government, opposition and civil society, with 15 from each group to work specifically on drafting proposals for a constitution.[107]

The Syrian Constitutional Committee officially convened for the first time on 30 October 2019 at the United Nations Office at Geneva.[108]

The committee's third session of negotiations, among the 45-member small body, with 15 members from the government, opposition, and civil society, respectively, started in late August 2020. Pedersen stated that he had "received a 'strong signal of support' from 'key international players' and from "all sides in the Constitutional Committee" for the continuation of the peace process. Hadi al-Bahra, one of the opposition leaders, and Ahmad Kuzbari, on behalf of the Syrian government, were co-chairs of the session.[109]

On 22 October 2021, yet another round of peace talks failed to reach common ground. No date for the next round was determined.[110]

Astana meeting, December 2019

edit

The delegations of Turkey, Iran, and Russia arrived in Kazakhstan's capital, Astana (then named Nur-Sultan), on 10 December 2019 for two days of trilateral talks known as the Astana process.[111]

The talks ended without any definitive ceasefire agreement, reportedly due to the anti–government side's refusal to accept new Russian terms regarding control of the Idlib province.[112]

Astana Process, July 2021

edit

The 16th International High-Level Meeting on Syria within the Astana Process was held in Astana on 7–8 July 2021. Representatives from the Syrian government, Syrian opposition were present, as well as delegations from Iran, Russia, Turkey and others. High representative observers from the UN, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq also attended.[113]

In a joint statement, Russia, Iran, and Turkey reaffirmed their stance to oppose separatist plans aimed at undermining a unified Syria.

This round of talks focused largely on the humanitarian situation in Syria. All participants called upon the international community and the UN to increase assistance to Syria including infrastructure such as water, food, electricity, schools, and hospitals.

All parties also stressed the need to hold the next meeting of the Syrian Constitutional Committee in Geneva as soon as possible.[114]

"Small Group" meeting, May 2022

edit

Members of the "Small Group" responsible for writing the constitution, consisting of 15 representatives from the Syrian Government, non-governmental organizations, and the Syrian opposition, met for the eighth round of talks at a Geneva hotel under UN Special Envoy for Syria Geir Pedersen. There had been a slight breakthrough during the sixth-round meetings in Geneva on Oct. 18-22, when the Syrian Government's delegation co-chair Ahmed Kuzbari sat at the same table for the first time with the co-chair of the opposition Hadi al-Bahra.[115]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Lundgren, Magnus (2016). "Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016". Contemporary Security Policy. 37 (2): 273–288. doi:10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377. S2CID 156447200.
  2. ^ "Under pressure from Turkey, UN excludes PYD from Syria talks". Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. 28 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Syria's Kurds protest exclusion from constitutional committee". France 24. 2 October 2019.
  4. ^ "Syria conflict: Rebels agree to attend Astana peace talks". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  5. ^ "Kazakhstan Offers Astana As Venue Of Syrian Peace Talks". InDepthNews. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  6. ^ "Russia says Syria agrees to peace talks with opposition amid mounting pressures". Al Arabiya. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  7. ^ "West 'ignored Russian offer in 2012 to have Syria's Assad step aside'". 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  8. ^ a b Canceled Syria talks may get new start in Moscow Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, 7 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  9. ^ "France, partners planning Syria crisis group: Sarkozy". Reuters. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  10. ^ "Six-Point Proposal Presented to Syrian Authorities". UN Security Council. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  11. ^ a b Politically Speaking (22 August 2013). "Syria, a civil, sectarian and proxy war". The Elders. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  12. ^ a b c d "UN envoy calls for transitional government in Syria". BBC News. BBC. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  13. ^ "Final communiqué of the Action Group for Syria - Geneva, Saturday 30 June 2012". UNO. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Concluding remarks by Joint Special Envoy Kofi Annan at the Meeting of Action Group on Syria - Geneva, 30June2012". UN.NewsCentre. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  15. ^ عبود, حسان (20 October 2013). "حسان عبود on Twitter: "وفي جنيفَ جنفٌ عن الحق إلى الباطل. ولا يجنف إلا كل معتد أثيم."". Twitter. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017.
  16. ^ "Non-Aligned Movement summit opens in Tehran - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  17. ^ "BBC News – What is the Geneva II conference on Syria?". BBC. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  18. ^ "Syrian Opposition Meeting in Astana Makes Tentative Headway in Finding Way Forward for Peace Process". 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  19. ^ editor, Patrick Wintour Diplomatic (21 December 2016). "Common ground on Syria unites Russia and Turkey against the west". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ "Межсирийские консультации в Москве: итоги работы". Международный мультимедийный пресс-центр МИА «Россия сегодня». 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  21. ^ "Syrian Opposition Meeting in Astana Makes Tentative Headway in Finding Way Forward for Peace Process". Astana Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  22. ^ "Russia mulls strategy to solve Syrian conflict". 3 June 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  23. ^ Сирийская оппозиция провела конференцию в Астане Archived 9 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Regnum.Ru, 4 October 2015.
  24. ^ "Second round of Syrian opposition talks begins in Astana". vestnikkavkaza. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  25. ^ Сирийская оппозиция подписала итоговую декларацию конференции в Астане Archived 2 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine RIA Novosti, 4 October 2015.
  26. ^ October 2015, Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 6 (6 October 2015). "Representatives of Syrian Opposition Meet in Astana". Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ "UN chief takes aim at Russia over Syria military buildup". Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  28. ^ "UN envoy to present new Syria peace proposals". Yahoo News. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  29. ^ 'Hezbollah announces truce covering three Syrian towns' Archived 28 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera, 26 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  30. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 24 October 2015.[full citation needed]
  31. ^ "Syria conflict: Powers backing rivals meet in Vienna". BBC. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Arch-rivals Saudi Arabia, Iran to discuss Syria face-to-face for first time". Reuters. 28 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  33. ^ "Statement of the International Syria Support Group". Official website of the European Union. 14 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  34. ^ "Syrian revolution and opposition forces express their commitment to the Syrian unity". Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  35. ^ "Syria conflict: Opposition agrees framework for peace talks". BBC. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  36. ^ "Assad says he won't step down, won't negotiate with 'terrorists'". DW. 11 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  37. ^ a b "Syria conflict: US and Russia signal new push at UN". BBC. 15 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  38. ^ Russia and China veto draft Security Council resolution on Syria Archived 29 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine UN website, 4 October 2011.
  39. ^ "Russia and China Block U.N. Action on Crisis in Syria". The New York Times. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  40. ^ "Russian vetoes are putting UN security council's legitimacy at risk, says US". The Guardian. 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  41. ^ "Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2254 (2015), Endorsing Road Map for Peace Process in Syria, Setting Timetable for Talks". The UN website. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  42. ^ "Syria war: UN Security Council unanimously backs peace plan". BBC. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  43. ^ "U.N. endorses Syria peace plan in rare show of unity among big powers". Reuters. 19 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  44. ^ "Differences remain as key sides meet for Syria talks". Aljazeera. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  45. ^ a b c 'Saudi hails Syrian opposition meet ‘breakthrough’' Archived 14 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Al Arabiya News, 12 December 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  46. ^ a b c d 'Syria Talks: Rebel Negotiations In Saudi Arabia Exclude Key Players In Syrian Opposition' Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. International Business Times, 13 December 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  47. ^ a b c NRC Handelsblad, 26 January 2016. Full citation (translated from Dutch): "Late last year, Saudi Arabia has forged an alliance of 34 groups that should represent the whole opposition at the negotiations – the High Negotiation Committee. (…) In the lead up to the peace talks, Saudi Arabia has forged an alliance of 34 political and armed groups that should represent the opposition in Geneva. But that alliance does by far not include all Syrian opposition groups. The alliance is being supported by France, Turkey and Qatar. But Russia objects to the fact that radical islamic groups as Ahrar al-Sham and Jaish al-Islam are part of the alliance. (…) Turkey supports the High Negotiation Committee and fiercely opposes participation of Syrian Kurds."
  48. ^ NRC Handelsblad, 30 January 2016. Full citation (from the Dutch): "…only the delegation of the regime and some members of the moderate opposition supported by Russia had come down to Geneva".
  49. ^ a b "How Syrian Women Landed at the UN Peace Talks and What It All Means | passblue". 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  50. ^ "Syria conflict: Sides trade blame over talks' suspension". BBC. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  51. ^ "Backed By Russian Jets, Syrian Army Closes In On Aleppo". Reuters. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  52. ^ "Office of the Special Envoy for Syria Press Statement, 2 February 2016 [EN/AR]". 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  53. ^ "The Controversy over the Syrian Women's Advisory Board". 7 April 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  54. ^ a b "Joint Statement of the United States and the Russian Federation, as Co-Chairs of the ISSG, on Cessation of Hostilities in Syria". U.S. Department of State. 22 February 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  55. ^ "Syria war pause plan agreed by world powers". BBC News. 12 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  56. ^ "Syria ceasefire task force meets, France wants answers on violations". Reuters. Reuters. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  57. ^ "SECRETARY-GENERAL CALLS FOR CONTINUATION OF CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES IN SYRIA". UN. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  58. ^ 'Syria's civil war: US and Russia clinch ceasefire deal' Archived 26 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera, 11 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  59. ^ Teletext of the Dutch Broadcast Foundation, retrieved 16 October 2016.
  60. ^ a b Переговоры в Астане по урегулированию конфликта в Сирии Archived 13 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine RIA Novosti, 3 May 2017.
  61. ^ "Совместное заявление министров иностранных дел Исламской Республики Иран, Российской Федерации, Турецкой Республики по согласованным мерам, направленным на оживление политического процесса с целью прекращения сирийского конфликта, Москва, 20 декабря 2016 года". www.mid.ru. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  62. ^ "Turkey and Russia 'broker ceasefire deal for all of Syria'". AFP. Agence France-Presse. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  63. ^ "S/2016/1133 - E". undocs.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  64. ^ "Syrian Kurds, allies set to approve new government blueprint". Reuters. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  65. ^ "Syria conflict: Russia-Turkey brokered truce comes into force". BBC. 30 December 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  66. ^ "Resolution 2336". unscr.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  67. ^ "Russia takes power-broking role as Syria peace talks to begin in Astana". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  68. ^ "Syria conflict: War of words as peace talks open in Astana". BBC News. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  69. ^ "Astana talks to fortify Syria ceasefire accord". Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  70. ^ Syria conflict: War of words as peace talks open in Astana Archived 29 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC, 24 January 2017.
  71. ^ "Syria peace talks: Armed groups come in from the cold". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  72. ^ "Syria Talks in Kazakhstan Get Rough Start". The Wall Street Journal. 23 January 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  73. ^ "Outcomes of International Meeting on Syria". MFA. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  74. ^ Editor, Patrick Wintour Diplomatic (24 January 2017). "Sponsors of Syria talks in Astana strike deal to protect fragile ceasefire". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  75. ^ "Syria Opposition Rejects Russian Draft of New Constitution". Bloomberg. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  76. ^ "Syrian draft constitution recognizes Kurdish language, no mentions of federalism". Rudaw. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  77. ^ "رووداو تنشر مسودة الدستور السوري التي أعدها خبراء روس". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  78. ^ "Moscow invites Kurds and Syrian opposition to explain Astana". ARA News. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  79. ^ "Syria's warring sides brought together for Geneva talks". BBC. 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  80. ^ "Russia and Syria say opposition trying to wreck peace talks". Reuters. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  81. ^ "Second round of Syrian talks in Astana adopt mechanism to monitor ceasefire". The Astana Times. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  82. ^ a b "Kazakhstan welcomes results of Syria meeting in Astana". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  83. ^ РФ, Турция и Иран подписали меморандум о создании в Сирии зон деэскалации Archived 28 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Interfax, 4 May 2017.
  84. ^ "Russia, Turkey and Iran continue cooperation on de-escalation zones in Syria". TASS. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  85. ^ ANNE BARNARD and RICK (4 May 2017). "Russia Reaches Deal for Syria Safe Zones, but greementSome Rebels Scoff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  86. ^ "Syrian Kurdish PYD denounces Syria deal for 'de-escalation zones'". Reuters. 5 May 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  87. ^ "Turkey-backed Syria talks in Astana set for July 10". DailySabah. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  88. ^ "Note to Correspondents: Transcript of the press conference by the UN Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  89. ^ a b "'Precarious calm' in southwest Syria amid cease-fire". 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  90. ^ "U.S.-Russian ceasefire deal holding in southwest Syria". Reuters. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  91. ^ "404 Not Found". www.washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  92. ^ "Rebel factions in southern Syria reject ceasefire deal". 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  93. ^ "Turkey, Iran, Russia agree on borders of Syria de-escalation zones in Astana talks". DailySabah. 15 September 2017. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  94. ^ Syria war: Turkey, Russia, Iran agree Idlib 'ceasefire' zone Archived 24 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC, 15 September 2017.
  95. ^ "6th Astana Process Talks Produce De-Escalation Zone Agreement". Astana Calling. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  96. ^ "Fresh Syria peace talks open in Kazakhstan's capital". AFP. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  97. ^ "Latest Syrian peace talks in Astana focus on humanitarian issues". The Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  98. ^ "Astana hosts eighth round of talks on Syria's war". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  99. ^ "Humanitarian crisis in Eastern Ghouta discussed at eighth round of Syria peace talks in Astana". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  100. ^ "Update-al-Jaafari: We demand immediate and unconditional withdrawal of foreign forces from Syrian territory". 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  101. ^ Ensor, Josie (30 January 2018). "Shaky start to Syria peace talks in Russia as opposition delegates refuse to leave Sochi airport". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  102. ^ "9th round of Astana talks on Syria". PRIMA News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  103. ^ "Ninth round of Astana-hosted Syria talks to take place after Syria truce guarantor countries' FMs in Astana - Kazakh Foreign Ministry (Part 2". interfax. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  104. ^ Karadeniz, Tulay; Al-Khaleidi, Suleiman (18 September 2018). "Syria's Idlib spared attack, Turkey to send in more troops". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  105. ^ "Syria: Turkey and US reach deal to manage tensions over Kurds". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 7 August 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  106. ^ "Mr. Geir O. Pedersen of Norway - Special Envoy for Syria". Secretary-General of the United Nations. 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  107. ^ Irish, John; Nichols, Michelle (27 September 2019). "Time for large-scale Syria prisoner swaps, U.N. envoy says ahead of new talks". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  108. ^ "'Historic' new Syria talks should focus on relief for war-weary civilians, says UN negotiator". 30 October 2019. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  109. ^ Kenny, Peter (27 August 2020). "Halted by virus, Syria peace talks resume in Geneva". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  110. ^ "Syrian constitutional talks 'big disappointment' - US envoy". The Jerusalem Post. 22 October 2021.
  111. ^ "Russia, Turkey, Iran Hold 14th Round Of Talks On Syria War In Kazakhstan". Radio Liberty. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  112. ^ "Deadly Russian bombardment of Idlib is response to 'opposition rejection of land-grab proposal'". The New Arab. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  113. ^ "Astana process: Foreign Ministry announced date of 16th talks on Syria". kazpravda.
  114. ^ Times, Astana (9 July 2021). "Astana Process Participants Express Conviction About Need for Diplomatic Solution to Syrian Conflict". The Astana Times. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  115. ^ "New round of Syrian peace talks begins in Geneva". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
edit


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&oldid=1252071350"