Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri, also called Tūwharetoa-waekae-rakau, was a Māori ariki (chieftain) in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand and the eponymous ancestor of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi, who probably lived in the sixteenth century.[1] During his life, he established control over a large section of the Bay of Plenty. In his old age, his children and grandchildren invaded Taupō, which became the centre of the iwi's rohe.
Life
editTūwharetoa was the son of Mawake-Taupō and Ha-ahuru. Through his father, he descended from Te Arawa, Mataatua, and ultimately from Ngātoro-i-rangi, who arrived in New Zealand on the Arawa canoe, and the atua, Rongomai-nui.[2] Through his mother, he was descended from Hapuonone, a tribe that had been settled at Ōhiwa before the arrival of Arawa,[3] and from Mataatua.[4] This ancestry gave him great mana and a strong claim to the land.[5] On account of this, the tribal elders married him to Paekitawhiti who was also of very high rank. From this marriage were born the pre-eminent chiefly lines of Ngāti Tūwharetoa. At the birth of their first and only son, Rongomai-te-ngangana, Tūwharetoa took the baby up Otukaira hill to announce the birth of the future ariki.[6]
After this, Mawake-Taupō told Tūwharetoa to go out with a band to visit the surrounding tribes and lands. At the Mōtū River, he visited the village of Rongomai-ururangi, then paramount chief of Ngāitai.[7] Rongomai-ururangi's daughter led a poi dance to welcome the band, which responded with a haka. Tūwharetoa and Hinemotu fell in love and she ran off with him. They married at Mawake-Taupō's pā at Kawerau and settled at Waitahanui, where they had eight children.[8] Once he had succeeded his father as leader of the tribe, he also married Te Uiraroa.[8]
John Te Herekiekie Grace reports that Tūwharetoa was a remarkable warrior, a wise advisor, and a master wood carver.[9] With the help of his ally Tūtewero son of Maruka, Tūwharetoa established control of a region encompassing Ōtamarākau, the Awa-o-te-atua (Tarawera River), and Kawerau.[10]
Invasion of Taupō
editWhen Tūwharetoa was an old man,[10] Tūtewero was attacked by a group called Marangaranga / Maruiwi but handily defeated them. Ngāti Tūwharetoa were ashamed that this conflict had taken place without them, so Tūwharetoa's sons Rakahopukia, Rākei-poho, Rākei-makaha, Taniwha-paretuiri, and Rongomai-te-ngangana formed a war party of 240 men and attacked the Marangaranga / Maruiwi. They suffered a terrible defeat at Kaka-tarae near Runanga Lake,[11][12] but the survivors were able to avenge their defeat.[11][13]
According to Locke, as the war party was returning from this expedition, they travelled to Hinemaiaia on the coast of Lake Taupō, where they deposited their dead. Then they travelled north along the coast, past Maniaheke and Kowhaiataku to Lake Rotongaio, where an argument with the priestess Hine-kaho-roa culminated in her uttering a powerful curse and comparing Tūwharetoa's ancestors, Rangitu and Tangaroa, to fernroot (i.e. treating them both as food).[11][12] According to Locke and Te Hata, when the war party departed and reported this to Tūwharetoa at Kawerau,[11][12] a special sacred force was summoned to Kawerau by Tūwharetoa, who neutralised the curse by sacrificing a lizard. However, Tūwharetoa felt compelled to send an expedition against Ngāti Kurapoto to avenge the insult represented by the curse.[14] According to Grace, the war party returned home to find that Tūwharetoa had died, and the expedition was dispatched by Rakei-Uekaha.[15]
This invasion force, led by Tūwharetoa's grandsons Rongo-Patuiwi and Taringa, his great-grandson Waikari, and his son Rereao defeated Ngāti Kurapoto on the northeast shore of Taupō and Ngāti Hotu on the southern shore and occupied both territories.[16][17]
Death
edit
Tūwharetoa died at an advanced age at Waitahanui. He was buried at the nearby cemetery. According to the section of Ngāti Tūwharetoa that now lives by Lake Taupo, the tohunga Te Ngako later disinterred his bones and moved them to Te Atuareretahi cave in the hills above Kawerau. According to the section still based in the Bay of Plenty, Te Ngako interred the bones in a hole in the trunk of a great tōtara tree, that was still alive as of 1959.[18]
Family
editTūwharetoa married three women and had children with all of them. His senior wife was Pae-ki-tawhiti, by whom he had a daughter and a son:[19]
- A daughter, Manaiawharepu, first in a line of female chiefs (ariki tūpuna) which continued unbroken until Rangiamohia Te Herekiekie, who died in 1908.[20]
- Rongomai-te-ngangana, who died at the battle of Kaka-tarae, but left two sons the ancestor of the kāhui ariki of Tūwharetoa:[6]
- Tūtapiriao, father of Rongoteahu, father of Piri, father of Tunono the upoko ariki, father of Turanigitukua, the ancestor of the Aitanga a Huruao hapū, through his children by Te Rewhangao-te-rangi:[21]
- Hingaia, who married Rupokohuka and had descendants.[21]
- Te Maha-o-te-rangi, who had descendants.[21]
- Te Rangitautahanga, upoko ariki[21]
- Hinerangi, who married Taopowaha and had descendants.[21]
- Whakatihi, father of Tūpoto, father of Tāne-turiwera, father of Hinetuki, who married her cousin Taringa.
Tūwharetoa's second wife was Hinemotu, by whom he had one daughter and seven sons:
- Hinewharangi (daughter)
- Rākei-poho
- Rua-wehea
- Taringa, who married his cousin Hinetuki (descendant of Whakatihi) and had two sons
- Te Rapuhoro
- Tū-te-tawhā, ancestor of Ngāti Te Rangiita and Ngāti Tūrū-makina.[22][23]
- Rākei-whakaniwha, father of Matangikaiawha, father of Umu-ariki, father of Matangikaiawha, father of Te Rehu
- Rereao
- Taniwha, father of Rongo-patuiwi, father of Waikari.[24][25]
- Turangiawe
- Te Aotahi
- Poukopa
- Poutomuri
Tūwharetoa's third wife was Te Uiraroa, with whom he had five sons:[26]
- Rākei-marama
- Manuwhare
- Rākei-uekaha
- Mawake-hore
- Kariawe
She subsequently remarried to Awanui-a-rangi, with whom she was ancestor of Te Rangihouhiri (ancestor of Ngati Te Rangihouhiri) and Manu-Tongātea.[28][29]
On a visit to Rotorua, Tūwharetoa slept with Rangiuru, the wife of Whakakauekaipapa, the ancestor Ngāti Whakaue, resulting in a son, Tūtānekai, who is famous for his romance with Hinemoa.[30][31]
References
edit- ^ Grace 1959, p. 103.
- ^ John Te Herekiekie Grace gives the lines of descent as:
- Ngātoro-i-rangi - Tangiha - Tangimoana - Kahukura - Rangi-takumu - Mawake-nui - Mawake-roa - Mawake Taupo - Tūwharetoa.Grace 1959, p. 104
- Rongomai-nui - Rongomai-roa - Rongo-mai-a-pehu - Apehu-matua - Mawake-nui - Mawake-roa - Mawake Taupo - Tūwharetoa.Grace 1959, p. 543
- ^ Grace 1959, p. 102.
- ^ Grace gives the line of descent as: Te Hapuoneone - Te Potumai - Te Pokarahake - Te Rake - Tikitiki - Hape - Tamarau - Tamamutu - Te Iki-o-te-rangi - Te Pipi - Te Koata - Te Rangikaitipuanuku - Te Kahotuanui - Wheturoa - Hine-te-ariki - Ha-ahuru - Tūwharetoa.Grace 1959, p. 104
- ^ Grace 1959, pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b Grace 1959, p. 105.
- ^ Grace gives the line of descent as: Tainui-ra-iwa (who travelled on the Arawa) - Tairoa - Taimanawa-pohatu - Tai - Te Au -Rongomai-ururangi.Grace 1959, p. 106
- ^ a b Grace 1959, p. 106.
- ^ Grace 1959, pp. 103–107.
- ^ a b Locke 1882, p. 438.
- ^ a b c d Locke 1882, p. 439.
- ^ a b c Te Hata & Fletcher 1916, p. 108.
- ^ Te Hata & Fletcher 1916, pp. 109–110.
- ^ Locke 1882, p. 440.
- ^ Grace 1959, p. 127.
- ^ Locke 1882, pp. 440–441.
- ^ Te Hata & Fletcher 1916, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Grace 1959, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Grace 1959, pp. 105 & 544.
- ^ John Te Herekiekie Grace, Tamaku's brother gives the line as follows: Manaiawharepu - Topuni - Pitokura - Tutaramarae - Tupara-i-te-Aupouri - Hine-mihi - Te Rangituaiwa - Hinea - Ngarangikaruia - Matakai - Putai - Rangiamohia - Te Arahori - Ngatangi Rongopai - Rangiamohia: Grace 1959, pp. 539
- ^ a b c d e Grace 1959, pp. 222, 540.
- ^ Grace 1959, p. 146.
- ^ McCallum-Haire, Te Nana & Gallagher 2021, p. 33.
- ^ Te Hata & Fletcher 1916, p. 160.
- ^ Jones & Biggs 2004, p. 203.
- ^ Grace 1959, p. 544.
- ^ a b Grace 1959, p. 128.
- ^ Grace 1959, pp. 108, 544.
- ^ Jones & Biggs 2004, p. 99.
- ^ Grace 1959, p. 107.
- ^ Stafford 1967, p. 84.
Bibliography
edit- Locke, Samuel (1882). "Historical Traditions of Taupo and East Coast Tribes". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 15: 433–459.
- Te Hata, Hoeta; Fletcher, H. J. (1916). "Ngati-Tuhare-toa occupation of Taupo-nui-a-tia". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 25: 104–116, 150–162.
- Grace, John Te Herekiekie (1959). Tuwharetoa: The history of the Maori people of the Taupo District. Auckland [N.Z.]: A.H. & A.W. Reed. ISBN 9780589003739.
- Stafford, Don (1967). Te Arawa: A History of the Arawa People. Reed. ISBN 9780947506100.
- Jones, Pei Te Hurinui; Biggs, Bruce (2004). Ngā iwi o Tainui : nga koorero tuku iho a nga tuupuna = The traditional history of the Tainui people. Auckland [N.Z.]: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869403312.
- McCallum-Haire, Hermione; Te Nana, Rihi; Gallagher, Joanne (2021). "Hihiko O Mangarautawhiri: Power Sovereignty for a Prosperous Whānau and Hapū". Scope: Contemporary Research Topics (Kaupapa Kai Tahu) (6): 33–43. doi:10.34074/scop.2006011.