Taarab is a music genre popular in Tanzania and Kenya.[1][2] It has been influenced by the musical traditions of the African Great Lakes, North Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. Taarab rose to prominence in 1928 with the advent of the genre's first star, Siti binti Saad.[3][4]
| Taarab | |
|---|---|
| Cultural origins | Late 19th century |
| Subgenres | |
| Coastal taarab | |
| Regional scenes | |
| African Coastal Region | |
| Local scenes | |
 Tanzania •  Zanzibar •  Kenya | |
| Other topics | |
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According to local legend, taarab was popularized by Sultan Seyyid Barghash bin Said (1870-1888).[5] He enjoyed luxury and the pleasures of life. It was this ruler who initiated taarab in Zanzibar; and later it spread all over the African Great Lakes region. The sultan imported a taarab ensemble from Egypt to play in his Beit el-Ajab palace. He subsequently decided to send Mohamed Ibrahim from Zanzibar to Egypt to learn music and to play the kanun, a string instrument similar to the zither. Upon his return, he formed the Zanzibar Taarab Orchestra. In 1905, Zanzibar's second music society, Ikwhani Safaa Musical Club, was established, which continues to thrive in the 21st century. Ikwhani Safaa and Culture Musical Club, founded in 1958, have been the leading Zanzibar taarab orchestras.[6]
Etymology
editThe word taarab is a loanword from Arabic. The Arabic word طرب means "having pleasure, delight with music".[7][8]
History of taarab music
editAfter the spreading of taarab from the Sultan's palace to Zanzibari weddings and other community events, the first famous female singer of taarab was Siti bint Saad.[3][7] In 1928, she and her band became the first from the region to make commercial recordings as the first East African to be recorded in the Bombay HMV studios. She would go on to become one of the most famous taarab musicians of all time.[7]
Over the next several decades, bands and musicians like Bi Kidude, Mzee Yusuph, Culture Musical Club and Al-Watan Musical Club kept taarab at the forefront of the Tanzanian scene, and made inroads across the world. Playing in a similar style, smaller Kidumbak ensembles grew popular, at least among the poor of Zanzibar, featuring two small drums, bass, violins and dancers using claves and maracas. The 1960s saw a group called the Black Star Musical Club from Tanga modernize the genre, bringing it to audiences farther afield, especially Burundi and Kenya. More recently, modern taarab bands like East African Melody have emerged, as have related backbiting songs for women, called mipasho.[9]
Taarab music is a fusion of Swahili poetry sung in rhythmic poetic style, performed by male or female singers and taarab ensembles comprising numerous musicians. Taarab forms a part of the social life of the Swahili people along the coastal areas, especially in Zanzibar, Tanga and even further in Mombasa and Malindi along the Kenya coast.[4] Wherever the Swahili-speaking people travelled, Taraab moved with them. It has penetrated as far inland as Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi in East Africa, where taarab groups compete in popularity with other kinds of popular musical groups.[2]
Nowadays a taarab revolution is taking place and much debate continues about the music which has been changed by the East African Melody phenomenon. Melody, as they are known by their mostly female fans, play modern taarab, which is 'taarab to dance to' and features direct lyrics, bypassing the lyrical subtlety of the older songs, where the meaning of the lyrics is only alluded to, and never directly inferred.[2] Today, taarab songs may be explicit – sometimes even graphic – in sexual connotation, and much of the music of groups like Melody and Muungano is composed and played on keyboards, increasing portability for different venues. Also, the groups are much smaller in number than traditional taarab orchestras and therefore more readily available to tour and play shows throughout the region and beyond.[1]
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Graebner, Werner (2020-05-26). Dawe, Kevin (ed.). Island Musics (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003085751. ISBN 978-1-003-08575-1.
- Graebner, Werner (2016). "Tanzania, Zanzibar, Comoros, Taarab". In Shepherd, John; Horn, David; Laing, Dave (eds.). Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Locations: Africa and the Middle East. Continuum. doi:10.5040/9781501329180-0000456. ISBN 978-1-5013-2918-0.
- Askew, Kelly (2002-07-28). Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02981-8.
- Edmondson, Laura (2007-07-20). Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11705-2.
- Njogu, Kimani; Maupeu, Herv (2007-10-15). Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-9987-08-108-0.
Sources
edit- ^ a b Edmondson, Laura (2007). McNaughton, Patrick (ed.). Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11705-2.
- ^ a b c Njogu, Kimani; Maupeu, Herv (2007). "Music and Politics in Tanzania: a case study of Nyota-wa-Cigogo". Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. pp. 241–246. ISBN 978-9987-08-108-0.
- ^ a b Mgana, Issa (1991). Jukwaa la Taarab - Zanzibar (in Swahili). Helsinki: Mediafrica Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-9529675005.
- ^ a b Askew, Kelly (2002). Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–67, 276. ISBN 978-0-226-02981-8.
- ^ Fargion, Janet T.; Le Guennec-Coppens, Françoise; Mery, Sophie (2002). "The Music of Zenj: Arab-African crossovers in the music of Zanzibar". Journal des Africanistes (in French). 72 (2). Paris: 203–212. doi:10.3406/jafr.2002.1315.
- ^ "Swahili Taarab - Music of the Indian Ocean". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ a b c Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2008). The Garland Handbook of African Music. New York: Routledge. pp. 14, 46–50, 136–137. ISBN 9781135900014.
- ^ Mohamed El-Mohammady Rizk, Women in Taarab: The Performing Art in East Africa. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2007.
- ^ Khamis, Said A. M. (2005-12-07). "Clash of interests and conceptualisation of taarab in East Africa". Swahili Forum (12): 133–159. ISSN 1614-2373.
External links
edit- Jean Ngoya Kidula (2018-10-01), "Poetry in Motion: 100 Years of Zanzibar's Nadi Ikhwan Safaa / Poésie en mouvement: 100 ans de Nadi Ikhwan Safaa de Zanzibar", Ethnomusicology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 512–514, doi:10.5406/ethnomusicology.62.3.0512, ISSN 0014-1836 (Review of the dokumentary Poetry in Motion: 100 Years of Zanzibar's Nadi Ikhwan Safaa. Directed by Ron Mulvihill. Produced by Kelly Askew and Werner Graebner. DVD. 2016.)