Tacanan languages

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Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered.

Takanan
Geographic
distribution
Bolivia
Linguistic classificationPano–Tacanan?
  • Takanan
Language codes
Glottologtaca1255
Takanan languages (light green) and Panoan languages (dark green). Spots indicate documented locations.

Family division

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  • Tacanan
    • Ese Ejja (a.k.a. Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa)
    • Araona–Tacana

Toromono may be extinct. Another possibly extinct Tacanan language is Mabenaro; Arasa has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan.

Language contact

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Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kayuvava, Tupi, and Arawak language families due to contact.[1]

Varieties

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Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[2]

  • Tacana - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the Beni River, Tuichi River, and Tequeje River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are:

Vocabulary

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Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Tacanan languages.[2]

gloss Tacana Tumupasa Isiama Araona Sapiboca Maropa Guacanahua Mabenaro Caviña Toromona Arasa Tiatinagua
one peada peada peáda peada pebbi pembive pea nonchina owi
two beta beta beta beta beta beta béka beta béka béta bikapiai
head e-chua e-shua é-cho e-chua e-chuxa e-chuxa i-yoa i-yuka é-osha é-osha
eye e-tásha é-tasha ey-raha e-sásha é-shakuéna i-thaha i-xaka e-shásh é-shásha i-sash
hand e-me ä-ma e-me e-me e-mé e-me i-miatsa e-metuku i-á e-mä e-mé
water eavi ahui eahui eavi eubi xubi eowi ena ena éna
fire kuati kuáti kuáti kuati kuati kuati kuáti kwathi etiki kuáti chi kuáti
sun ideti itaːti itatti izeti iseti icheti igeti huári eshét
maize dixe oːtisha ärishe shíshe chixe shishé ixike shishé shishe shishi
tapir ähuadi aːhuadi ahuáta ahuánsha auada sháawi shauví
house ete äte ete etai etae étai ithai etare ekíi soːpo eti


Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019):[3]

gloss Ese Ejja Araona Cavineña Tacana Proto-Panoan
liver e-kakʷa tákʷa e-takʷa e-takʷa *takʷa
tongue ej-ana e-ána j-ana j-ana *hana
blood ami ami ami *himi
you (sg.) mi-a mi mi- mi *mi
hand e-me e-me e-me-tuku e-me *mɨ-
earth meʃi mezizo metʃi ‘soil’ med’i *mai
meat e-jami e-ami e-rami j-ami ‘muscle’ *rami
stone mahana makana *maka
bone e-sá e-tsoa e-tsau e-tsau *ʂao
(finger)nail e-me-kiʃe Ø-mé-tezi e-me-tid’i *mɨ̃-tsis
fat e-sei e-tsei e-tseri e-tsei *ʂɨ[n]i
tooth e-sé e-tse e-tse e-tse *ʂɨta

Verbal morphology

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Associated motion

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Tacanan languages, in particular Cavineña and Ese Ejja, have among the richest associated motion systems in the world's languages.[4]

Further reading

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  • Girard, Victor (1971). Proto-Takanan Phonology (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Notes

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  1. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  2. ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  3. ^ Nikulin, Andrey V. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.
  4. ^ Guillaume, Antoine. 2016. Associated motion in South America: Typological and areal perspectives. Linguistic Typology 20(1). 81–177

References

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  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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