Teos of Egypt

Teos
Teos
Djedhor, Djedher, Tachos, Takhos
	Fragment of a faience saucer inscribed with the name of Teos. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Pharaoh
Reign	361/0–359/8 BCE
Coregency	Three years with Nectanebo I
Predecessor	Nectanebo I
Successor	Nectanebo II
Horus name
Horus name
	Khaemmaat Seshemtawy; ḫ3j-m-M3ˁt-sšm-t3wj; Who appears as Maat, Leader of the Two Lands
Nebty name
	Merymaat Sahperunetjeru; Mrj-M3ˁt-s3ḫ-prw-nṯrw
Golden Horus
	Khubaqet Wafkhasut; ḫwj-b3qt-w3f-ḫ3swt; The ruling king who destroys foreign countries
Prenomen (Praenomen)
	Irimaatenre; Jrj-m3ˁt-n-Rˁ; Carrying out the Justice of Ra
Nomen
	Djedhor Setep-en-inhuret; Ḏd Ḥr stp n jnj ḥrt; Horus Says [he will live], Chosen of Anhur
	;
Children	Khedebneithirbinet II(?)
Father	Nectanebo I
Dynasty	30th Dynasty

Djedhor, better known as Teos (Ancient Greek: Τέως) or Tachos (Ancient Greek: Τάχως), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 30th Dynasty.

Biography

A son of his predecessor Nectanebo I, Teos was his co-regent for three years^[5] before ascending to the throne in 361–60 BCE.

Djedhor's royal title, the temple of the god Khonsu in Karnak^[6]
"Djed Hor Stp.n Inhr" conquered foreign lands, king of both lands, brings the right Ra, Horus long live, elected by Anhur

Expedition against Persians

Nectanebo's success in the Nile Delta against the invading Persian armies in 374–73 BCE encouraged Teos to start to plan a military expedition into Palestine and Phoenicia, which were territories controlled by the Persians. Taking advantage of a moment of weakness for the Achaemenid Empire due to riots in some satrapies in Asia Minor, Teos sought assistance from both the octogenarian king Agesilaus II of Sparta and the Athenian general Chabrias, including a number of mercenaries and 200 triremes, from Greece.^[7] However, to finance such an expedition, Teos had to impose new taxes and to expropriate the goods of the temples, destroying the delicate balance artfully established by his father Nectanebo. This action ensured to Teos both the required finances and a great unpopularity.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Athenian General Chabrias (left) with Spartan king Agesilaus (center), in the service of Egyptian king Nectanebo I and his regent Teos, Egypt 361 BCE.

The operation against the Persians started with Chabrias as the admiral of the fleet, Agesilaus as the commander of the Greek mercenaries and Teos's nephew Nakhthorheb as the leader of the machimoi (Diodorus Siculus, certainly exaggerating, claimed that the machimoi were 80,000 in number^[11]). Teos placed himself in the supreme command of the expedition (the position claimed by Agesilaus) leaving his brother Tjahapimu, the father of Nakhthorheb, in Egypt as his regent. The expedition made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems.^[12]^[10]

Betrayal and end

Teos, cartouche fragment

Unfortunately for Teos, his brother Tjahapimu was plotting against him. Taking advantage of Teos's unpopularity, and with the support of the priestly classes, Tjahapimu convinced his son Nakhthorheb to rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. Nakhthorheb persuaded Agesilaus to join his side by taking advantage of the several disagreements that had arisen between the Spartan king and the pharaoh. Nakhthorheb was acclaimed pharaoh – better known today as Nectanebo II – and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee to Susa, the court of his enemies.^[12]^[10]

Knowledge of the final fate of Teos comes from the inscription by a noble called Wennefer, who also participated in Teos's unfortunate expedition as a physician. Wennefer was sent by Nectanebo II in search of Teos and managed to have him held by the Persian king Artaxerxes II at Susa. Wennefer then had Teos brought back with him in chains to the Egyptian pharaoh.^[9]

Sources

^ Lloyd 1994, p. 358.
^ Depuydt 2006, p. 270.
^ Late Period Dynasty 30: Teos accessed January 22, 2007
^ Dodson & Hilton 2004.
^ Lloyd 1994, p. 341.
^ Gauthier 1915, pp. 182–183.
^ Lloyd 1994, pp. 348–349.
^ Lloyd 1994, p. 343.
^ ^a ^b Wilkinson 2010, pp. 457–59.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grimal 1992, pp. 377–378.
^ Lloyd 1994, p. 342.
^ ^a ^b Lloyd 1994, p. 341; 349.

Bibliography

Depuydt, Leo (2006). "Saite and Persian Egypt, 664 BC - 332 BC". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Brill, Leiden/Boston. pp. 265–283. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5.
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-05128-3.
Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Books. ISBN 9780631174721.
Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–322 B.C.". In Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.), vol. VI – The Fourth Century B.C. Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–360. ISBN 0-521-23348-8.
Wilkinson, Toby (2010). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4088-10026.
Gauthier, Henri (1915). "De la XXVe dynastie à la fin des Ptolémées". Le livre des rois d'Égypte, (in French). Le Caire: De L’Institut Français D’Archeologie oriantale, Tome IV. pp. 182–183.

External links

Livius.org: Teos

Preceded by Nectanebo I	Pharaoh of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty	Succeeded by Nectanebo II

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994358-1] Lloyd 1994, p. 358.

[FOOTNOTEDepuydt2006270-2] Depuydt 2006, p. 270.

[3] Late Period Dynasty 30: Teos accessed January 22, 2007

[FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004-4] Dodson & Hilton 2004.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994341-5] Lloyd 1994, p. 341.

[FOOTNOTEGauthier1915182–183-6] Gauthier 1915, pp. 182–183.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994348–349-7] Lloyd 1994, pp. 348–349.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994343-8] Lloyd 1994, p. 343.

[FOOTNOTEWilkinson2010457–59-9] Wilkinson 2010, pp. 457–59.

[FOOTNOTEGrimal1992377–378-10] Grimal 1992, pp. 377–378.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994342-11] Lloyd 1994, p. 342.

[FOOTNOTELloyd1994341;_349-12] Lloyd 1994, p. 341; 349.

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