Tahir Pasha Bibezić (Albanian: Tahir Pashë Bibezi Krajani, Arabic: طاهر باشا بن بزيك الكرياني , Turkish: İşkodralı Tahir Paşa (Belbez)) was an Ottoman Brigadier General (mirliva) and prominent bureaucrat of Albanian origin from the region of Krajë, now in modern Montenegro.[1] Born into a notable family from Podgorica, he began his career in 1868 and held various significant administrative positions throughout the Ottoman Empire, including chief secretary of Scutari, and governor of Mosul, Bitlis and Van. Known for his ability to restore public order and mediate local disputes, he played a key role in the Ottoman-Persian Border Commission and was a crucial figure during the turbulent years of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His work exemplified the mobility and influence of Ottoman officials in shaping imperial policy across diverse regions.[2][3][4]
Tahir Pasha Bibezić | |
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| Personal details | |
| Born | 1848 Krajë, Vilayet of Shkodër, Ottoman Empire (modern Montenegro) |
| Died | 1913 (aged 64–65) Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey) |
| Parent |
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| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Army |
| Rank | Mirliva |
Early life and career
editTahir Pasha was born into a family from Podgorica, the son of Haci Ali Efendi Bibezi (known in Turkish as Bilbez). He commenced his career in 1868 in Podgorica as a prominent Ottoman official in the Chamber of the City (Podgoriçe Kazası Tahrirat Odası) and became the secretary of the Podgorica Land Registry (Podgoriçe Tapu Kitabeti) in 1872.[5]
Career During Ottoman Reforms
editFollowing significant changes in the Ottoman Empire, such as the Great Eastern Crisis and Montenegro's independence in 1878, Tahir Pasha was expelled from Podgorica to the Shkodra Province. Due to his prior experience with Ottoman administration in Podgorica, he was immediately appointed as the chief secretary of the Scutari Province. In 1880, after temporarily serving as chief secretary in Thessaloniki (Selânîk Mektûbçuluğu), he was transferred to several locations, including Bitlis, Mosul, and Van (1898-1906), briefly in Trabzon (1907), and then again in Bitlis (1907-08), Erzurum (1908-10), and Mosul (1910-12).[6]
Frontier Administration and Conflict Resolution
editTahir Pasha was a prominent frontier official (serhad memurları) and a significant policy implementer, often tasked with mediating and investigating local disputes. His extensive governance experience, spanning thirty-three years in the eastern provinces, was central to his reputation for restoring public order and calming social unrest. As a committed bureaucrat, he was appointed as the commission chairman for the Ottoman-Persian Border Commission (1905-08).[7] This appointment came during a period when the dispute escalated in 1905, with Iran supporting tribal chiefs in the frontier zone who interfered with pro-Ottoman tribes in Urumiah (see Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)). Tahir Pasha was tasked with resolving this border conflict. In a pamphlet, he criticized the Ottoman centralization efforts towards Kurdish tribes as a failure that allowed Iranian interference in the region.[8]
Impact of the Young Turk Revolution
editIn 1908, with the outbreak of the Young Turk Revolution, the new government established by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) deemed it unnecessary to alert Ottoman troops regarding the status quo line with Iran due to the critical financial situation. Although the issue remained unresolved for several years, this example illustrates how an ascendant local from the Ottoman-Montenegrin borderland became a mobile subject at the Ottoman-Persian border, demonstrating the agency of migrants who shaped Ottoman policy. Scholars often overlook the mobility of trans-regional biographies within the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, despite multiple examples connecting vastly different (post) Ottoman regions and communities.[9]
Influence of the Bibezić Family
editIn addition to the political connections between the Bibezić family and the central government, Tahir Pasha's nephews, Mustafa Nuri and Haydar Hilmi Vaner, also emerged as extensions of extensive family networks in the administrative development of the empire. They both began working with their well-connected uncle on projects that explicitly tied the Ottoman peripheries to the central government and the global world. Mustafa Nuri worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an important intermediary between Ottoman institutions and foreign capital projects. Consequently, the aforementioned migrants used their opportunities and capacities to penetrate the heart of the Ottoman bureaucracy and establish connections with the broader world.[10]
Contributions of Mustafa Nuri and Haydar Hilmi Vaner
editThe regions of Montenegro provided the Ottoman bureaucracy with numerous examples, including 'liberal' reformers such as Cevdet Bey, Mustafa Nuri, and Haydar Hilmi Vaner. The rise of the CUP gave new impetus to these 'liberals'. According to the Austro-Hungarian consul in Mitrovica, one such personality was Vaner, who was 'acting as a Young Turk or as an Albanian.[11] He was born in Podgorica in 1875[12] and joined the Ottoman administration in the Van vilayet (1889) at a very young age. His positions as district governor of Mitrovica and Köprülü in Ottoman Macedonia provided him with several opportunities to promote liberal ideas within the Young Turk movement.[13] Together with CUP members Müşir Kazım Pasha and Haci Adil Bey (Minister of the Interior), he joined Sultan Reşad on his tour of Rumelia between June 5-26, 1911. During the Sultan's visits to several cities (Thessaloniki, Skopje, Prizren, Prishtina, Bitola), he served as the primary translator from Ottoman Turkish into Albanian.[14] Vaner was also known for maintaining contacts with his family members in the Scutari vilayet, enabling him to calm the revolts in the Malësia region in 1911.[15]
References
edit- ^ DOHMAN, Ümmügülsüm; KARAVİN YÜCE, Harika (2022-10-29). "Türkçe, Rusça ve İngilizce Deyimlerde "Zaman" Konsepti". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (31): 243–254. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1126598. ISSN 2147-5717.
- ^ William Warfield (1916). The Gate of Asia: A Journey from the Persian Gulf to the Black Sea. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 147.
- ^ Sukran Vahide (16 February 2012). Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8297-1.
- ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (2023-05-24). Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004543690_004. ISBN 978-90-04-54369-0.
- ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (2023-05-24). Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004543690_004. ISBN 978-90-04-54369-0.
- ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (2023-05-24). Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004543690_004. ISBN 978-90-04-54369-0.
- ^ Ateş, Sabri (2013-10-21). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139522496. ISBN 978-1-139-52249-6.
- ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (2023-05-24). Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004543690_004. ISBN 978-90-04-54369-0.
- ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (2023-05-24). Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004543690_004. ISBN 978-90-04-54369-0.
- ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (2023-05-24). Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004543690_004. ISBN 978-90-04-54369-0.
- ^ "Barrett, Edwin Cyril Geddes, (15 Feb. 1909–8 Feb. 1986)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u161787, retrieved 2024-05-22
- ^ "The Fiscal Year: Turki-Hijri Year Correspondences for the Reign of Amīr Ḥabīb Allāh Khān". History of Afghanistan. doi:10.1163/9789004256064_hao_com_000498. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Rampal Singh, Raja, (7 Aug. 1867–20 March 1909), Fellow of the Allahabad University; Taluqdar of Kori Sadauli; Dh. Rai Bareli", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u190168, retrieved 2024-05-22
- ^ Ferko, Beria Kafali (2022-01-30). "Isa Boletini (1864-1916): An Ottoman Albanian Figure of Twists and Turns". Journal of Balkan Studies. 2 (1): 27–49. doi:10.51331/a17. ISSN 2671-3675.
- ^ "The Inventor's Department". Scientific American. 105 (8): 173–180. 1911-08-19. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08191911-173. ISSN 0036-8733.
Further reading
edit- Sabri Ateş (21 October 2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233, 262. ISBN 978-1-107-24508-2.
- David Gillard; Kenneth Bourne; Donald Cameron Watt, Great Britain. Foreign Office (1984). British documents on foreign affairs--reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From the mid-nineteenth century to the First World War. The Near and Middle East, 1856-1914. University Publications of America. pp. 203, 341. ISBN 978-0-89093-602-3.
- Ljuljanović, D. (2023). Chapter 3 Seeking a Homeland, Serving the Empire: Muslim Migrants from Montenegro and Their Integration within the Ottoman Bureaucracy (1870–1914). In Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Available From: Brill https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004543690_004