The steam ship Cap Finisterre was a German transatlantic ocean liner of the early 20th century, which was transferred to Japan in 1920 as German war reparations, and renamed Taiyō Maru (大洋丸) on trans-Pacific routes. She was sunk on army service by an American submarine in 1942, during World War II, with the loss of over 800 lives, mostly civilians.
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| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 German Empire | |
| Name | Cap Finisterre |
| Operator | Hamburg-South America Line |
| Builder | Blohm & Voss, Hamburg (Germany) |
| Yard number | 208 |
| Laid down | 1910 |
| Launched | 8 August 1911 |
| Completed | 18 November 1911 |
| Out of service | August 1914 |
| Identification | Call sign SHVK     |
| Fate | Seized by Allies on 4 April 1919 |
 United States | |
| Name | USS Cap Finisterre |
| Acquired | 11 April 1919 |
| Out of service | 25 November 1919 |
| Identification | Call sign GJBR     |
| Fate | transferred to UK then to Japan |
 Empire of Japan | |
| Name | Taiyō Maru |
| Operator |  Nippon Yusen (NYK) |
| Acquired | 1920 |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | Torpedoed and sunk by USS Grenadier, 8 May 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 14,458 GRT |
| Length | 180 m (590 ft 7 in) pp |
| Beam | 19.788 m (64 ft 11.1 in) |
| Draught | 10.57 m (34 ft 8 in) |
| Propulsion | 2 quadruple reciprocating steam engines, 10,711 hp (7,987 kW) |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Capacity | 855 (184 first class, 221 second class, 450 third class) |
| Notes | Steel construction |
History
editGerman career
editCap Finisterre was built in Hamburg by Blohm & Voss for the Hamburg-South America Line. She was completed in 1911 and named for Cape Finisterre in western Spain. Cap Finisterre made her maiden voyage from Hamburg to Buenos Aires on 21 November 1911 with 1,350 passengers.[1]
On her arrival in Buenos Aires after only 13.5 days, she was advertised as the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ocean liner in service between Europe and South America. She continued to serve on routes to South America until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, when she was laid up at Hamburg.
Cap Finisterre was ear-marked by the Imperial German Navy for conversion as an auxiliary cruiser;[2] however she was not requisitioned and remained at Hamburg for the duration of the war due to the Allied blockade.
On 4 April 1919, she was handed over to the Allies as part of Germany's war reparations.
American career
editOn 11 April 1919, Cap Finisterre was initially transferred to the United States, and commissioned into the US Navy as the USS Cap Finisterre. She made four round trips between Brest, France and New York City returning American soldiers home after the war. From August 1919 she was laid up at the New York Naval Yard for several months.
On 25 November 1919, she was decommissioned, and transferred to the United Kingdom, and placed under the Shipping Controller. However, the British government never placed the liner into service, but transferred her instead to the Imperial Japanese government as part of Japan's share of the German war reparations.
Japanese civilian career
edit
Cap Finisterre was renamed Taiyō Maru in 1920, and managed by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK). However, NYK was initially at a loss as to what to do with such a large and expensive to operate vessel. Japanese Prime Minister Takahashi Korekiyo finally called upon Asano Sōichirō, founder of Tōyō Kisen (Oriental Steamship Company) to accept the ship, and to place it on the company’s trans-Pacific route between Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kobe, Yokohama, Honolulu, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Asano addressed issues about the possible stability of vessel by lowering her funnels and adding more ballast to give her a lower profile in the water. He also sponsored a cruise from Yokohama to Hong Kong, on which he invited numerous luminaries from the business and political world (including Yasuda Zenjirō) to publicise vessel and its luxurious fittings. On arrival in San Francisco after its maiden crossing on 25 June 1921, it was lauded by the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper for bringing the largest number of passengers ever to come on a single ship.[3]
However, on 10 March 1926, these routes were transferred from Tōyō Kisen to NYK, and Asano was forced to sell the ship to the Japanese government. The vessel was operated on the same route under NYK, which purchased the ship from the government for 120,000 Yen on 4 May 1929.
Shortly after this, NYK faced issues on routes to North America due to the Great Depression and increasing restrictions by the American government on immigration to California. Taiyō Maru also faced competition from the newer and faster Asama Maru and Yasukuni Maru on the same route.
Langston Hughes was a passenger on Taiyō Maru on his way back to the United States after his 1932 visit to the Soviet Union, China and Korea.[4]
Taiyō Maru carried many members of the Japanese Olympic Team for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Its third class area was transformed into a practice area for the wrestling team and its swimming pool was used for practice by the women's swimming team, including Hideko Maehata and Hatsuho Matsuzawa.
On 22 October 1941 Taiyō Maru departed Yokohama with the last 301 foreign nationals remaining in Japan. Her crew included three Imperial Japanese Navy officers in disguise, and her route to Honolulu was the same route planned for the Kido Butai strike force for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The three Japanese officers reconnoitered the entrance to Pearl Harbor while Taiyō Maru was in port from 1 to 5 November 1941, and return to Yokohama on Taiyō Maru with 447 Japanese evacuees on 17 November to brief the crews of the midget submarine crews who are part of the attack.[5]
Japanese military service
editIn early May 1942, Taiyō Maru was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Army as an auxiliary transport. Her first and only assignment was to transport 34 soldiers and 1,010 civilians, including military governors, doctors, bureaucracy staff, educators and technicians needed to administer conquered Southeast Asian regions. The passengers included a large number of oil-field technicians bound for the Palembang, Sumatra and to revive oil refining facilities at Miri in Sarawak and Balikpapan, Borneo, as well as technicians for Malaya and for Java to install new equipment in the aluminum refinery facility and to construct a cement factory at Davao, Philippines. She was also loaded with 2,450 tons of war materiel including ammunition, hand grenades, and 150 tons of calcium carbide. She departed for Singapore on 7 May 1942 as part of a convoy consisting of Yoshino Maru, three cargo ships (Mikage Maru, Dover Maru, and Ryusei Maru) being escorted by auxiliary gunboat Peking Maru. Although Taiyo Maru was capable of more than 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph), she was limited to 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) by the speed of the slowest member of the convoy, and progress was further hampered by gale-force winds. On 8 May, the escorting auxiliary gunboat Peking Maru signaled sighting a submarine, and the crew went to battle stations. Around this time, most of the passengers were at their evening meal. At 19:45 hours, Taiyō Maru was struck portside stern by two torpedoes fired by USS Grenadier. One torpedo hit the No. 2 hold, causing the calcium carbide stored there to catch fire and explode. Likewise, the cargo of ammunition and hand grenades exploded, blowing out the bottom of the vessel. The passengers rushed to the 18 lifeboats, only to find the deck on fire and most of the lifeboats destroyed by the explosions. By 20:20, the water reached C deck, and by 20:35, the ship started to submerge bow first. Captain Keisuke Harada and about a dozen crewmen decided to go down with the ship, which sank at 20:40 hours approximately 170 km (110 mi) southwest of Me-shima in the Danjo Islands.[6]
Peking Maru rescued 15 survivors, and the destroyer Minekaze and auxiliary gunboat Tomitsu Maru rescued 480 more survivors under gale-force conditions. A small fishing vessel rescued 48 more, for a total of 543 survivors. Captain Harada and 156 of his 263-man crew, 656 of 1,044 passengers and four of 53 armed guards/gunners died (total 817). The famous engineer Yoichi Hatta, who built Wushantou Dam and Chianan Irrigation, was a passenger of the ship when it sank. His body was found in Hagi, Yamaguchi, and after cremation, his ashes were returned to Taiwan.[citation needed]
Wreck
editIn August 2018 the wreck of Taiyō Maru was discovered by divers of the Society La Plongée for Deep Sea Technology, lying on her port side and reportedly largely undamaged except for the bow.[7][8]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Nevitt, Allyn D. (1997). "Rikugun Haitosen Transport Taiyo Maru: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com.
- ^ Schmalenbach p46
- ^ Tate, E. Mowbray (1986). Transpacific steam: the story of steam navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867–1941. New York: Cornwall Books. ISBN 978-0-8453-4792-8. OCLC 12370774.
- ^ Rempersad, Arnold (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume I: 1902–1941, I, Too, Sing America. Oxford University Press. ASIN B01K0V7MRW.
- ^ Prange, George (1982). At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor; Revised Edition. Penguin Books. pp. 316–318. ISBN 0140157344.
- ^ "Taiyo Maru (+1942)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ Ishikura, Tetsuya (5 September 2018). "Passenger ship sunk in U.S. torpedo attack found 76 years later". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ "World War 2 ship sunk by US submarine discovered off Japan coast". Express. London. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
References
edit- Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-914-X.
- Williams, David (1997). Wartime Passenger Ship Disasters. Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-85260-565-0.
External links
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