The circuit intendant of Shanghai[1] or the daotai[2] of Shanghai, also formerly romanized as taotai or tao tai, was an imperial Chinese official who oversaw the circuit of Shanghai, then part of Jiangsu Province, in the Qing Empire. He oversaw the area's courts, law enforcement, civic defense, canals, and customs collection. As well as areas within modern Shanghai, his remit also included Qidong in present-day Jiangsu.
| Circuit intendant of Shanghai | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 上海道臺 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 上海道台 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
The position was only compensated at the 4a level[clarify] (正四品官) but, in addition to other sources of income, it was seen as a springboard to higher office within the empire.
History
editThe original seat of the circuit was at Taicang. It was moved to Shanghai in the 18th century. The first foreign settlement in Shanghai, the British Concession, was established by the Land Regulations (土地章程) undertaken on the initiative of the intendant Gong Mujiu.[3] His was the one who signed it on behalf of the Qing government on 29 November 1845. Lin Gui approved the British consul Rutherford Alcock's proposal to extend the British boundary west from Barrier Road (界路, today's Henan Rd.)[4] to Thibet Road (泥城浜, now Xizang Rd.)[5] on 27 November 1848. On 6 April 1849, he signed the agreement with Charles de Montigny formalizing and delineating the city's French Concession.[6] An intendant was also involved with the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement upon the merging of the British and American settlements in 1863.[7]
The intendant was forced to flee the Small Sword Society in 1853 amid the chaos surrounding the Taiping Rebellion.[8]
The intendants of the 1870s and '80s resisted French plans to expand their concession southwest, particularly the construction of a road through Shanghai's Ningbo Cemetery to connect the French Concession with Xujiahui (then "Siccawei"). One of the intendants in the 1890s finally yielded upon an agreement by the French to pay the duly assessed value of the land condemned, but the demolition of the cemetery walls in July 1898 prompted riots which killed twelve and the landing of French troops to protect the construction workers.[9]
List
edit| Installed | Name | Origin | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1730 | Xu Yongyou | 徐永佑 | ||
| 1731 | Wang Chenghui | 王澄慧 | Henan | |
| 1735 | Li Shan | 礼山 | Manchu army | |
| 1735 | Cui Lin | 崔琳 | Shanxi | |
| 1736 | Weng Zao | 翁藻 | Zhejiang | |
| 1740 | Li Shijie | 李士杰 | Hubei | Acting |
| 1740 | Weng Zao | 翁藻 | Zhejiang | |
| 1740 | Wang Yunming | 王云铭 | Shandong | |
| 1743 | Wang Dexin | 汪德馨 | Henan | |
| 1745 | Tuo Enduo | 托恩多 | Manchu | |
| 1747 | Fu Chun | 傅椿 | Manchu | |
| 1748 | Tao Shihuang | 陶士偟 | Hunan | |
| 1748 | Zhu Lin | 朱霖 | Manchu army | Acting |
| 1749 | Guang An | 广安 | Manchu | |
| 1843 | Gong Mujiu | 宫慕久 | Dongping in Shandong | |
| March 1847 | Xian Ling | 咸龄 | ||
| April 1848 | Wu Jianzhang | 吴健彰 | Xiangshan in Guangdong | Acting |
| 1848 | Lin Gui | 麟桂 | Manchu | |
| August 1851 | Wu Jianzhang | 吴健彰 | Xiangshan in Guangdong | Acting |
| August 1854 | Lan Weiwen | 蓝蔚雯 | Acting | |
| October 1857 | Xue Huan | 薛焕 | ||
| 1858 | Wu Xu | 吴煦 | ||
| 1862 | Huang Fang | 黄芳 | Acting | |
| July 1864 | Ding Richang | 丁日昌 | ||
| September 1865 | Ying Baoshi | 应宝时 | ||
| 1869 | Tu Zongying | 涂宗瀛 | ||
| 1872 | Shen Bingcheng | 沈秉成 | ||
| 1875 | Fen Junguang | 冯焌光 | ||
| May 1877 | Liu Ruifen | 刘瑞芬 | ||
| April 1882 | Shao Youlian | 邵友濂 | ||
| October 1896 | Lü Haihuan | 吕海寰 | ||
| July 1897 | Cai Jun | 蔡钧 | ||
| April 1899 | Li Guangjiu | 李光久 | ||
| 1899 | Yu Lianyuan | 余联沅 | ||
| 1901 | Yuan Shuxun | 袁树勋 | Transferred | |
| 1906 | Rui Cheng | 瑞澂 | Itinerant | |
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Murakami, Ei (December 2013), "A Comparison of the End of the Canton and Nagasaki Trade Control Systems", Itinerario, vol. 37, Leiden: Leiden University, pp. 39–48.
- ^ Fox, Josephine (Autumn 2000), "Common Sense in Shanghai: The Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce and Political Legitimacy in Republican China", History Workshop Journal, vol. 50, pp. 22–44.
- ^ Cassel, Pär (2003), "Excavating Extraterritoriality: The "Judicial Sub-Prefect" as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai", Late Imperial China, vol. 24, pp. 156–182.
- ^ French (2010), p. 63.
- ^ French (2010), p. 165.
- ^ French (2010), p. 215.
- ^ French (2010), p. 49.
- ^ Hamashita, Takeshi (2002), "Tribute and Treaties: East Asian Treaty Ports Networks in the Era of Negotiation, 1834–1894", European Journal of East Asian Studies, vol. 1, pp. 59–87.
- ^ French (2010), pp. 52–3.
Bibliography
edit- French, Paul (2010), The Old Shanghai A–Z, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-988-8028-89-4.