Prince Tokugawa Iesato (徳川 家達, August 24, 1863 – June 5, 1940) was the first head of the Tokugawa clan after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, and a significant figure in Japanese politics and diplomacy during the Meiji, Taishō and early Shōwa period of Japan. When Prince Tokugawa travelled to other nations representing Japan during his diplomatic journeys, he usually presented his name as Prince Iyesato Tokugawa.[1] Prince Tokugawa held the influential position of president of Japan's upper house of congress the Diet for 30 years. Tokugawa promoted democratic principles and international goodwill. It was only after his death in 1940 that Japanese militants were able to push Japan into joining the Axis Powers in WWII.[2][3]
Tokugawa Iesato | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President of the House of Peers | |
| In office 4 December 1903 – 9 June 1933 | |
| Monarchs | Meiji Taisho Showa |
| Preceded by | Prince Konoe Atsumaro |
| Succeeded by | Prince Konoe Fumimaro |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tokugawa Kamenosuke August 24, 1863 |
| Died | June 5, 1940 (aged 76) |
| Spouse | Konoe Hiroko (1867–1944) |
| Children | Iemasa Tokugawa, Yasuko Tokugawa, Ryōko Tokugawa, Toshiko Tokugawa |
| Alma mater | Eton College |
Early life
editTokugawa Iesato was born to the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa clan, under the name Kamenosuke, he became its 16th head on June 19, 1868,[4] following the resignation of the last shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu. His brothers were Tokugawa Satotaka and Tokugawa Takachiyo, who also held the Tayasu headship at different times. Iesato was also briefly the daimyō of the short-lived Shizuoka Domain, before the abolition of the han system in the early 1870s. His guardian at the time was Matsudaira Naritami, the former lord of the Tsuyama Domain. He was an adopted son of the fourteenth shogun, Tokugawa Iemochi and his wife, Kazu-no-Miya Chikako or Seikan'in no Miya (although Iesato was Iemochi's adopted son they only met once. Later Iemochi's foster mother, Tenshō-in, raised Iesato). In 1866 he was sent to Edo Castle as Iemochi's son and was raised by Tenshō-in and Kazu-no-Miya Chikako. In 1868 he was sent to Kyoto by his mother, Kazu-no-Miya Chikako and met with Emperor Meiji. He married the daughter of Konoe Tadafusa, Konoe Hiroko, who bore him Iemasa Tokugawa, the seventeenth Tokugawa family head, Yasuko Tokugawa, who married Nobusuke Takatsukasa and bore him Toshimichi Takatsukasa, Ryōko Tokugawa, and Toshiko Tokugawa.
Family
edit- Father: Tokugawa Yoshiyori
- Mother: Takai Takeko
- Adoptive Father: Tokugawa Iemochi
- Adoptive Mother: Kazu-no-Miya Chikako
- Wife: Konoe Hiroko (1867–1944)
- Children:
- Tokugawa Iemasa
- Tokugawa Yasuko married Nobusuke Takatsukasa
- Tokugawa Ryoko married Matsudaira Yasumasa
- Tokugawa Toshiko married Matsudaira Naokuni
Career and legacy
editIn 1877, Iesato was sent to Eton College in Great Britain to study. He aspired to be matriculated at either the University of Cambridge or Oxford, but on Tenshō-in's request, he decided to give up his studies in England and went back to Japan in 1882.[5] In 1884, when the nobility system was reformed to align more with the British system, he was given the title of kōshaku (公爵, prince or duke) in the newly created kazoku peerage system. He became a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan from its creation in 1890, and served as President of the House of Peers from 1903 to 1933. When the administration of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was brought down by the Siemens scandal, there was a strong movement to have Tokugawa Iesato nominated to be his successor as the new Prime Minister.
Japan not only militarily supported its western allies in their war efforts, it also aided the Allies’ sick and wounded during and after the war. In 1917, out of empathy for the suffering resulting from the enormous death and destruction in Europe during World War I, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and his close friend and ally Baron Shibusawa Eiichi, along with their other Japanese associates, published a condolence booklet honoring their western allies. This 1917 condolence booklet described the Japanese creating an association to collect a monetary fund which was given to Allied nations to help with their war-related health costs. This association was headed by Prince Iyesato Tokugawa as its president, and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa and S. Shimada as its vice-presidents. Many of Japan's top leaders contributed articles to this booklet expressing their support of the Allies. This condolence booklet was published in a French and English edition. The condolence booklet was titled Japan to her Allies: A Message of Practical Sympathy from the Japan Association for Aiding the Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Others Suffering from the War in the Allied Countries, Published in Tokyo, Japan, 1917. The illustrated biography The Art of Peace by Stan S. Katz highlights the alliance between Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa as they promoted democracy and international goodwill.[6]
Following World War I, Iesato headed the Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Conference. His support of the United States position on the 10:10:6 division of naval strength between the United States, Great Britain and Japan drew considerable wrath from the ultra-rightist movements and conservative factions within the Imperial Japanese Navy.[7]
Iesato is remembered for having recovered the political fortunes and reputation of the Tokugawa family, holding many senior government positions before his retirement, including in 1928, being appointed as the 7th President of the Japanese Red Cross Society, head of the Japan-America Society, and President of the national organizing committee for the 1940 Olympics.[8]
Iesato is quoted as once having said about his adoptive father: "Yoshinobu destroyed the Tokugawa house; I rebuilt it."[citation needed]
His grave is at the Tokugawa family cemetery at the temple of Kan'ei-ji in Ueno, Tokyo. He was succeeded by his son Tokugawa Iemasa (also known as Tokugawa Iyemasa).
In 1930, Rotary International wished to recognize and honor Prince Iyesato Tokugawa's lifelong devotion to maintaining international goodwill by selecting him to be the Keynote speaker at their Silver (25th) Anniversary Convention celebration. There are photos available from 1930 that present the founder of Rotary International, Paul Harris, along with the current President of Rotary (1929-1930) M. Eugene Newsom, introducing their Keynote speaker Prince Tokugawa to the 15,000 Rotarians attending the event from around the world.[1]
One of Prince Tokugawa's close allies during the 1930s in the promotion of goodwill between Japan and the United States was Ambassador Joseph Grew. In 1932, Prince Tokugawa honored Grew with a reception when he first became U.S. Ambassador to Japan.[9]
From late 1933 and into 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa went on a world tour. He first arrived in the U.S. in San Francisco, California. He had only recently retired from his distinguished thirty-year career as President of the Japan's upper house of congress, the House of Peers. He arrived aboard the Chichibu Maru ocean liner en route to England. During his travels, he stated he wished to renew old friendships. Prince Tokugawa first visited America in 1882, after completing his studies in England. The Prince mentioned he looked forward to visiting the World's Fair being held in Chicago. Besides being a pleasant vacation, Prince Tokugawa's world travels were very much directed at attempting to further strengthen Japan's relationship with its allies in the U.S. and Europe so as to better resist a rising global militarism and fascism. While in the U.S., Prince Tokugawa delivered a radio address to the American public describing the long enduring and friendly relations between United States and Japan; he also met with President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as well as other U.S. congressional leaders, encouraging a united front to prevent a potential upcoming war.[10]
During his visit in 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Southern California. The president of the university, Dr. Rufus B. von KleinSmid, handed the degree to Prince Tokugawa. This presentation took place during a special luncheon given March 19, 1934 in Los Angeles, hosted by George I. Cochran, the president of the school's board of trustees. The Los Angeles Times[11][12][13] stated that this honorary degree was given to Prince Tokugawa "in recognition of distinguished service in international statesmanship", and for his "support of many philanthropic and educational movements." In accepting the honor, Prince Tokugawa respectfully said, "He wished to receive it in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction."[citation needed] Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, who was the newly appointed Minister to Canada, and by his granddaughter Miss Toyo Tokugawa. The Japan-America Society of Los Angeles (part of the National Association of Japan-America Societies) was to host a banquet dinner that evening to honor Prince Tokugawa's visit; California Governor James Rolph and former Mayor of Los Angeles John C. Porter planned to attend.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace: an illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa. California: Horizon Productions. pp. Introduction to the biography. ISBN 978-0-9903349-2-7.
- ^ "The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa - Introduction". Stan. S. Katz. 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ^ Katz, Stan S. (2022). The Art of Diplomacy. California: Waterside Productions. ISBN 978-1-954968-04-2.
- ^ Satow, Ernest (1921). Diplomat in Japan. London. p. 374.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hoshina, Junko (1998). 花葵 徳川邸おもいで話. 毎日新聞社. ISBN 4620312347.
- ^ Katz 2019.
- ^ Katz 2022, pp. 74–76
- ^ Katz 2022, pp. 420–460
- ^ a b "Introduction to The Art of Peace: an illustrated biography about Prince Iyesato Tokugawa". Stan. S. Katz. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ^ Katz 2022, pp. 231–254
- ^ "City to Honor Peer of Japan – Nippon Prince to be Greeted – Descendant of Shoguns Will Arrive Here Saturday – Peer Accompanied by Son, New Envoy to Canada – Banquet and U.S.C. Degree on Program for Visit". Los Angeles Times. March 14, 1934. p. 18.
- ^ "Japan Prince Lauds Peace – Visitor Honored Aboard Liner – Tokugawa Cites Trade Ties with America as Basis of Mutual Friendship – State and Civic Leaders Attend Colorful Banquet for Noted Statesmen". Los Angeles Times. March 19, 1934. p. 15.
- ^ "Tokugawa Honored by S.C. – Famed Japanese Visitor and Peace Advocate Given Degree Before Departing City". Los Angeles Times, Main Edition. March 20, 1934. p. 32.
Bibliography
edit- Katz, Stan S. The Emperor and the Spy, is an historical novel that honors the accomplishments of Prince Tokugawa Iesato as he strove to maintain good relations between Japan and America during the first 40 years of the 20th century. (2015 and 2017 Revised Edition) ISBN 978-0-9903349-4-1
- Banno, Junji. The Establishment of the Japanese Constitutional System. Routledge (1992). ISBN 0-415-00497-7
- Fraser, Andrew. Japan's Early Parliaments, 1890–1905. Routledge (1995). ISBN 0-415-03075-7
- Lebra, Sugiyama Takie. Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility. University of California Press (1995). ISBN 0-520-07602-8
- Sims, Richard. Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23915-7
External links
edit
- Message of condolences by the British government following the death of Tokugawa, June 11, 1940, House of Lords Debates, vol. 116 cc508-9
- "'The Antiquarian and the Creative Writing' journal article highlights the friendship and alliance between Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and a U.S. intelligence agent Colonel Sidney Mashbir". San Diego Jewish Journal. May 2016.
- Kragen, Pam (May 18, 2016). "Novelist brings spy out the shadows". San Diego Union Tribune.
- Introduction to illustrated biography about Prince Tokugawa Iesato: Katz, Stan S. (October 15, 2019). "The Art of Peace". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com.
- Newspaper clippings about Tokugawa Iesato in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Video presentation on U.S. Japan relations that highlights Prince Iesato Tokugawa: Osher Lifelong Learning Institute - University of California San Diego: Katz, Stan S. (January 8, 2020). "The Emperor and the Spy, The Secret Alliance to Prevent WWII". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com.