The Silk Letter Movement ('Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal') refers to a movement organised by Deobandi leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from British rule by forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the German Empire. This plot was uncovered by the Punjab CID with the capture of letters from Ubaidullah Sindhi, one of the Deobandi leaders then in Afghanistan, to Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on silk cloth, hence the name.[1][2]
Overview
editMuhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari went to Hejaz with Mahmood Hasan in September 1915. He returned to India in April 1916 with Ghalib Nama (Silk Letter) which he showed to freedom fighters in India and the autonomous areas, and then took to Kabul where he arrived in June 1916.[3]
With the onset of World War I, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Mehmud Hasan (principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband) had travelled to Kabul and Hejaz respectively in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. For this purpose, Ubaid'Allah was to propose that the Amir of Afghanistan declare war on Britain, while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to the Hejaz Vilayet. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. As the plans unfolded in what came to be called the Silk Letter Movement, Ubaid'Allah was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, Ubaid'Allah, along with some students who had preceded him to Turkey to join the Caliph's "Jihad" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be best served by focussing on the Indian Freedom Movement.[4]
The Berlin-Indian committee (which became the Indian Independence Committee after 1915) also produced an Indo-German-Turkish mission to the Indo-Iranian border, with the purpose of encouraging the local tribes to attack British interests.[5][6] This group met the Deobandis in Kabul in December 1915. The mission, along with bringing members of the Indian movement right to India's border, also brought messages from the Kaiser, Enver Pasha and Abbas Hilmi, the displaced Khedive of Egypt, expressing support for Pratap's mission and inviting the Amir to move against British India[7][8]
The mission's immediate aim was to rally the Amir against British India[7] and to obtain from the Afghan Government a right of free passage.[9] But after the leakage of the plan, the top Deobandi leaders were arrested — Mahmud Hasan was arrested in Makkah and together with Husayn Ahmad, was exiled to Malta, later being released on account of advanced T.B.
Legacy
edit
In January 2013, the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee released a commemorative postage stamp on the Silk Letter Movement, to commemorate the sacrifices these groups made for the Indian independence movement.[10] Indian author and historian Ela Mishra wrote Reshmi Rumaal Sharyantra: Ek Muslim Kraantikari Aandoloan.[11]
Further reading
edit- Syed Muhammad Miyan Deobandi/Muhammadullah Qasmi, Moulana (2013), Silk Letter Movement (2013), Manak Publications, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, ISBN 978-93-7831-322-6.
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82
- ^ Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82
- ^ "Silken Letters Movement" (PDF). www.darululoom-deoband.com. 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ Ansari 1986, p. 515
- ^ Ansari 1986, p. 514
- ^ Strachan 2001, p. 788
- ^ a b Sims-Williams 1980, p. 120
- ^ Seidt 2001, p. 1,3
- ^ Ansari 1986, p. 516
- ^ "President releases a commemorative postage stamp on 'silk letter movement'". pib.gov.in.
- ^ "रेशमी रुमाल षडयंत्र एक मुस्लीम क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन". bookganga.com. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
Bibliography
edit- Ansari, K. H. (1986), "Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist", Modern Asian Studies, 20 (3): 509–537, doi:10.1017/S0026749X00007848, S2CID 145177112.
- Seidt, Hans-Ulrich (2001), "From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918", German Studies Review, 24 (1): 1–18, doi:10.2307/1433153, JSTOR 1433153.
- Sims-Williams, Ursula (1980), "The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar", British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 7 (2): 118–122, doi:10.1080/13530198008705294.
- Strachan, Hew (2001), The First World War. Volume I: To Arms, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-926191-1.
- M .E. Yapp, "That Great Mass of Unmixed Mahomedanism": Reflections on the Historical Links between the Middle East and Asia, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1. (1992), pp. 3–15.
- M. Naeem Qureshi, The 'Ulamā' of British India and the Hijrat of 1920, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1. (1979), pp. 41–59.
- Silk Letter Movement (PDF)