Wikipedia

Telephone booth

(Redirected from Telephone kiosks)
For another use, see Telephone Booth (song). "Phone Booth" redirects here. For other uses, see Phone Booth (disambiguation).

A telephone booth, telephone kiosk, telephone call box, telephone box or public call box[1][2] is a tiny structure furnished with a payphone and designed for a telephone user's convenience; typically the user steps into the booth and closes the booth door while using the payphone inside.

Replicas of British red telephone boxes in South Lake, Pasadena, California
Classic style mid-20th century US telephone booth in La Crescent, Minnesota, May 2012

In the United States and Canada, "telephone booth" (or "phone booth") is the commonly used term for the structure, while in the Commonwealth of Nations (particularly the United Kingdom and Australia), it is a "phone box".[3]

Such a booth usually has lighting, a door to provide privacy, and windows to let others know if the booth is in use. The booth may be furnished with a printed directory of local telephone numbers, and in a formal setting, such as a hotel, may be furnished with paper and pen and even a seat. An outdoor booth may be made of metal and plastic to withstand the elements and heavy use, while an indoor booth (known as a silence cabinet) may have more elaborate design and furnishings.[4] Most outdoor booths feature the name and logo of the telephone service provider.

History

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Public telephone room, Miami Florida, 1925, with a row of telephone booths seen along the back wall. Customers would request a call at the front desk; when the connection was made the customer would be directed to go to one of the booths for the call.
 
A Hull K6 telephone box
Telephone booth in Tokyo, 2021

The world's first telephone box called "Fernsprechkiosk", was opened on 12 January 1881 at Potsdamer Platz, Berlin.[5] To use it, one had to buy paper tickets called Telefonbillet which allowed for a few minutes of talking time. In 1899, it was replaced by a coin-operated telephone.[citation needed]

William Gray is credited with inventing the coin payphone in the United States in 1889, and George A. Long was its developer.[6]

In the UK, the creation of a national network of telephone boxes commenced in 1920, beginning with the K1 model which was made of concrete; however, the city of Kingston upon Hull is noted for having its individual phone service, Kingston Communications, with cream coloured phone boxes, as opposed to classic royal red in the rest of Britain. The Post Office was forced into allowing a less strident grey with red glazing bars scheme for areas of natural and architectural beauty. Ironically, some of these areas that have preserved their telephone boxes have now painted them red.[citation needed]

Design

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Mesta (Chios) telephone booth

Starting in the 1970s, pay telephones were less commonly placed in booths in the United States. In many cities where they were once common, telephone booths have now been almost completely replaced by non-enclosed pay phones. In the United States, this replacement was caused, at least in part, by an attempt to make the pay telephones more accessible to disabled people. However, in the United Kingdom, telephones remained in booths more often than the non-enclosed setup. Although still fairly common, the number of phone boxes has declined sharply in Britain since the late 1990s due to the rise in use of mobile phones.

Many locations that provide pay-phones mount the phones on kiosks rather than in booths—this relative lack of privacy and comfort discourages lengthy calls in high-demand areas such as airports.

Special equipment installed in some telephone booths allows a caller to use a computer, a portable fax machine, or a telecommunications device for the deaf.

The Jabbrrbox, an enclosed structure for installation in open plan offices, was inspired by the telephone booth.[7]

Cultural impact

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The ubiquity of the phone booth led to its depiction in fiction. In comic books published by DC Comics, the telephone booth is occasionally the place where reporter Clark Kent discards his street clothing and transforms into the costumed superhero Superman. Some films and television series have reused or parodied this plot device.[8] The 1965–1970 television series Get Smart used a phone booth, among other devices, as a secure means of entering CONTROL headquarters.[7] The 2002 film Phone Booth takes place almost entirely in a telephone booth; a 2023 retrospective article notes that "the obsolescence is to the film's advantage."[9]

The 1986 comedy film Clockwise features John Cleese's character vandalising a phone in a booth in frustration after it malfunctions.[10] The scene played on the public perception in Britain at the time that telephone booths were frequently out of order.[11]

Privacy

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Phone booths have been subject to wireless surveillance by law enforcement. For example, the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case of Katz v. United States involved the Constitutional question of whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) could install a listening device outside of the booth.[12]

Recent developments

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A vandalized KX+ phone box in London
 
Tart cards are often found in phone boxes in London advertising the services of call girls
 
Booth in an office, for using your one's own phone.

Wireless services

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The increasing use of mobile phones has led to a decreased demand for payphones, while the increasing use of laptops is leading to a new kind of service: in 2003, service provider Verizon announced that it would begin offering wireless computer connectivity in the vicinity of its phone booths in Manhattan. In 2006, the Verizon Wi-Fi telephone booth service was discontinued in favor of the more expensive Verizon Wireless' EVDO system.[13]

Wireless access is motivating telephone companies to place wireless stations at locations that have traditionally hosted telephone booths, but stations are also appearing in new kinds of locations such as libraries, cafés, and trains. Phone booths have been slowly disappearing with the growth in use of mobile phones.

Vandalism

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A rise in vandalism has prompted several companies to manufacture simpler booths with extremely durable pay phones.

Withdrawal of services

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Pay phones may still be used by mobile/cellular phone users if their phone become unusable, is stolen, or for other emergency uses. These uses may make the complete disappearance of pay phones in the near future less likely.

Australia

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Under the Universal Service Obligation, the Government of Australia legally requires Telstra to ensure standard phone services and payphones are "reasonably accessible to all people in Australia". Some communities, particularly in remote regional areas, rely on payphones, as well as people who do not have access to a mobile phone.

At their peak in the early 1990s, there were more than 80,000 public phone boxes across the country. By June 30, 2016, according to the Australian Communications & Media Authority there were about 24,000 payphones across Australia. On August 3, 2021, with 15,000 public phones remaining across Australia, Telstra announced that all calls to fixed line and mobile phones within Australia from public phones would become free of charge, and that it had no plans to further eliminate public phones.[14]

Belgium

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In Belgium, majority state-owned telco Belgacom took the last remaining phone booths out of service in June 2015.[15]

Czechia

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In June 2021 the last phone booth in Czechia was closed and dismantled.[16][17]

Denmark

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In December 2017 the last three public telephone booths in Denmark had their telephones removed.[18] They were situated in the town of Aarhus.

Finland

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Telephone booth in Hervanta, Tampere, Finland in 2006

By 2007, Finnet companies and TeliaSonera Finland had discontinued their public telephones, and the last remaining operator Elisa Oyj did so early the same year.[19]

France

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According to Orange CEO, Stéphane Richard, there were only 26 public phone booths[20] still operating in France as of 2021. The "Macron law" of 2015 ended Orange mandatory maintenance of a public phone booth network, its decline in use being caused by the cell phones era. These are, by law, maintained in rural area where there is no cell phone service. Consequently, they are removed once the area is properly covered by at least one mobile phone operator.

 
A telephone booth in France prior to the switch to the euro. Coins are Francs on the labels. It also uses the rotary dial and the 20 centimes coin, which means the device dates back to circa 1980.

Ireland

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Eir, the Universal Service Obligation carrier with regard to payphones, has been systematically removing payphones which fall under the minimum requirement for retention, of a rolling average of one minute of usage a day over six months. [21]

As of June 2019, 456 locations retained payphones (with none in the entirety of County Leitrim); this was down from 1,320 in March 2014.[22]

Italy

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In May 2023 AGCOM established that TIM no longer has the obligation to guarantee the availability of telephone booths, with the exception of "places of social importance", such as hospitals (with at least ten beds), prisons, and barracks with at least fifty occupants. TIM will also be able to decommission booths in mountain refuges, while ensuring access to the mobile telephone network. AGCOM declared that 99.2% of public telephones are already covered by a mobile network with at least 2G technology (May 2023). In September 2023 over 90,000 booths which do not fall into the above-mentioned exceptions began being removed.[23]

Jordan

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In 2004, Jordan became the first country in the world not to have telephone booths generally available. The mobile/cellular phone penetration in that country has become so high that telephone booths had been rarely used for years. The two private payphone service companies, namely ALO and JPP, closed down.[24]

Norway

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The last functioning phone box in Norway was taken out of service in June 2016. However, 100 phone boxes have been preserved around the country and are protected under cultural heritage laws.[25]

Sweden

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The first telephone booth in Sweden was erected in 1890. In 1981 there were 44,000,[26] but by 2013, only 1,200 remained, with the removal of the last one in 2015.[27] A survey showed that in 2013, only 1% of the population in Sweden had used one during the previous year.[27]

United Kingdom

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Main articles: K series telephone box and KX and ST6 series telephone boxes

The red telephone kiosk is recognised as a British icon and the BT Group still hold intellectual property rights in the designs of many of the telephone boxes, including registered trademark rights.[28] BT is steadily removing public telephone kiosks from the streets of the UK. It is permitted to remove a kiosk without consultation provided that there is another kiosk within 400 m (1,300 ft) walking distance. In other cases, it is required to comply with Ofcom rules in consultation with the local authority.[29] Some decommissioned red telephone boxes have been converted for other uses with the permission of BT Group, such as housing small community libraries or automated external defibrillators.[30][31]

United States

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Telephone booths within the dining area of Philippe The Original in Los Angeles.

Beginning in the 1990s, many large cities began instituting restrictions on where pay phones could be placed, under the belief that they facilitated crime.[32] In 1999, there were approximately 2 million phone booths in the United States.[33] Only five percent of those remained in service by 2018.[33] In 2008, AT&T began withdrawing pay phone support citing profitability, and a few years later Verizon also left the pay phone market.[32] In 2015, a phone booth in Prairie Grove, Arkansas was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.[34] New phone booth installations do sometimes occur, including the installation of a phone booth at Eaton Rapid's city hall.[35]

In 2018, about a fifth of America's 100,000 remaining pay phones were in New York, according to the FCC.[33] Only four phone booths remain in New York City, all on Manhattan's Upper West Side; the rest have been converted into WiFi hotspots. Incoming calls are no longer available, and outgoing calls are now free. In February 2020, the city confirmed that despite a plan to remove dozens of pay phones, the iconic booths would continue to be maintained.[36][37]

Advertising

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Many telephone boxes in the United Kingdom are now used for advertisements, bearing posters, with the development of "StreetTalk" by JCDecaux.[38] This is in addition to the ST6 public telephone introduced in 2007 which is designed to feature a phone on one side and a JCDecaux-owned advertising space on the otherside. The advertising pays for the cost of maintaining the phone.

In 2018, the UK Local Government Association drew attention to "Trojan" telephone boxes. These are telephone boxes whose main purpose is advertising. A loophole in planning law allows these to be erected without planning permission and the LGA is seeking to close this loophole.[39]

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    Partially enclosed pay phone in North Carolina, typical of many early replacements for telephone booths in the United States, continuing an enclosed space on three sides without the booth.
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    Public telephones in Kashmar, Iran; such structures replaced earlier booth enclosed telephones late in the 20th century
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    Pay telephone with internet access in Münster, Germany. March 2014, still using the old booth format but without a door.
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    An example of a person using a Telstra phone box in Victoria, Australia; used after telephone booths were phased out.
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    A Telstra payphone booth in Australia that also serves as a Wi-Fi hotspot to access the internet, an example of a modern pay phone that supplanted the telephone booth.
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    Telephone kiosk in Brazil, popularly called orelhão ("big ear") because of its shape
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    Payphones mounted on a subway wall, South Korea.
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    A decommissioned telephone booth in Ilford, London, 2022
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    A decommissioned telephone booth in Berlin, 2022

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Phone Boxes". legendarydartmoor.co.uk. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  2. ^ Discussion Note on Phone Boxes, Kiosks and ATM machines at Urban Design London
  3. ^ Sag, Ivan; Baldwin, Timothy; Bond, Francis; Copestake, Ann; Flickinger, Dan. "Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP" (PDF). Stanford University. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  4. ^ "Public Telephones". Melchior Telematics. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  5. ^ "Das war 1881 - Ereignisse 1881" (in German). was-war-wann.de.
  6. ^ "Site of World's First Pay Phone". ctmuseumquest.com. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b Barron, James (August 13, 2017). "A Place for Inside-the-Box Thinking". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  8. ^ Younis, Steve. "Superman and the Phone Booth". SupermanHomepage.com. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  9. ^ Crump, Andy (April 4, 2023). "Phone Booth's Obsolescence Works To Its Thrilling Advantage". Paste Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  10. ^ "Clockwise". Film News. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  11. ^ Lewin, David (25 October 1987). "Python's Cleese stars are a salesman for "Wanda"". Los Angeles Times. p. 27.
  12. ^ Agur, Colin (2013). "Negotiated Order: The Fourth Amendment, Telephone Surveillance, and Social Interactions, 1878-1968". Information & Culture. 48 (4): 419–447.
  13. ^ Jen Chung (2 May 2005). "Goodbye Free Verizon WiFi". Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  14. ^ "Local, national and calls to mobiles will now be free from Telstra payphones". ABC News. August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  15. ^ Belgacom hangs up on Belgium's last phone booths, eurocomms.com; accessed 11 October 2017.
  16. ^ "Last Czech phone booth to be removed". 17 June 2021.
  17. ^ "V Čechách končí éra telefonních budek. Nadace O2 jako jejich poslední připomínku spouští charitativní aukci".
  18. ^ David Rue Honoré (20 December 2017). "Danmarks sidste mønttelefon er taget ned". Berlingske Tidende (in Danish). Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  19. ^ "Elisa luopuu yleisöpuhelinliiketoiminnasta syksyllä 2007" (in Finnish). Elisa Oyj. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  20. ^ "Il ne resterait plus que 26 cabines téléphoniques en France" (in French). Elisa Oyj. 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  21. ^ "Ever wonder why there are still payphones around Ireland? Here's why". independent. 3 August 2016.
  22. ^ Online, eir. "Advertise with us • eir ie". www.eir.ie.
  23. ^ "Le cabine telefoniche non servono più" [Telephone booths are no longer needed]. il Post (in Italian). 26 May 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  24. ^ "Payphones suffer from cellphone growth 2004". CellularOnline. 22 March 2004.
  25. ^ HJERTHOLM, TOM R. (Feb 1, 2018). "– En ny tid venter kioskene". Bergensavisen.
  26. ^ Sällsynt telefonkiosk överlever (Swedish)
  27. ^ a b Telefonkiosken tackar för sig Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "BBC - Press Office - The Great British Design Quest". www.bbc.co.uk.
  29. ^ "Guidance on procedures for the removal of public call boxes" (PDF). stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk. March 14, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  30. ^ Professor Wu (2018-11-03). "British phone box libraries". Nothing in the Rulebook. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  31. ^ "CONVERT A PHONE BOX | Community Heartbeat Trust". www.communityheartbeat.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  32. ^ a b Reizman, Renee (2 February 2017). "What Killed the Pay Phone?". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group LLC. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  33. ^ a b c Meyersohn, Nathaniel (19 March 2018). "There are still 100,000 pay phones in America". CNN Money. Atlanta. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  34. ^ Bowden, Bill (5 April 2015). "Phone booth historic site, hello?". Arskansas Democrat Gazette. Little Rock, Arkansas. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
    Blakemore, Erin (25 November 2015). "A Phone Booth Was Just Put on the National Register of Historic Places". Smithsonian Magazine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  35. ^ Flory, Brad (3 December 2014). "Brad Flory column: Why one 21st century city put a telephone booth on Main Street". MLive.com. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  36. ^ "Upper West Side is home to city's last remaining phone booths". NY1. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  37. ^ Carlson, Jen (28 February 2020). "Most Of The Last Remaining Pay Phones In NYC Will Be Ripped Out". Gothamist. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  38. ^ "StreetTalk". JCDecaux. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  39. ^ "LGA: call for crackdown on 'trojan' telephone boxes amid 900 per cent rise in some areas". Local Government Association. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telephone booth.
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