The Dule Temple (traditional Chinese: 獨樂寺; simplified Chinese: 独乐寺; pinyin: Dúlè Sì; lit. 'Temple of Solitary Joy'[1]) is a Buddhist temple located in Jizhou District of suburban Tianjin, China. The temple is of historical as well as architectural significance. Its oldest surviving buildings are two timber-frame structures, the front gate and the central hall (pavilion) that houses a colossal clay statue of the Eleven-Headed manifestation of the Bodhisattva Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara). Both structures date back to the Liao dynasty and are among the oldest surviving wooden buildings in China.[2]
| Dule Temple | |
|---|---|
独乐寺 | |
 Guanyin Pavilion at Dule Temple | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Buddhism |
| Sect | Chan Buddhism |
| Deity | Guanyin |
| Location | |
| Location | Jizhou, Tianjin, China |
  Shown within Tianjin | |
| Geographic coordinates | 40°02′39″N 117°23′48″E / 40.04417°N 117.39667°E |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Chinese architecture |
| Date established | 984 |
History
editThe origins of the Dule Temple date back at least to the early Tang dynasty. However, no buildings from the Tang dynasty era have survived on the site. The oldest buildings still in existence, the Shan Gate and the Guanyin Pavilion, were constructed during a renovation of the temple in the second year of Tonghe Emperor of the Liao dynasty (984 AD). These buildings, both central features of the temple, were designed and constructed by local architects and craftsmen on the basis of the Tang architectural technology and carving techniques.[3]
In 755, An Lushan held a rally in the Dule Temple at the onset of his rebellion against the Tang emperor. The name of the temple could be a reference to An Lushan, who was also known as An Dule. However, the name could also have originated from the Dule River that flows to northwest of the city, although it is not clear if the river's name predates that of the temple.[2]
In 1928, a unit of soldiers commanded by warlord Sun Dianying was stationed in the Dule Temple and used the main hall as barracks. Sun Dianying and his troops were responsible for the looting of the nearby Eastern Qing Tombs. A leftover from the military occupation of the temple are bullet holes in the timber frames that were inflicted during target practice.[2]
In the early 1930s, Dule Temple was studied by Liang Sicheng, the author of China's first modern history on Chinese architecture. In the same decade, the temple was converted into the Jixian Village Normal School.[2]
Description
editThe grand temple complex is located in the north and faces the south.
Shanmen
editThe shanmen is a single-story building that stands 10 meters tall and has three single-eaves Wudian roofs (庑殿顶; 廡殿頂; Wǔdiàn Dǐng; 'roofs with four slopes and five ridges'). It functions as the front gate on the temple's south side and houses the statues of two guardian kings.[2] The Chiwen on both ends of the main ridge are the origin structures made in the Liao dynasty (907–1125). Under the south eaves is a plaque which is said to be the handwriting of the prime minister Yan Song (1480–1567) in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Inside the hall are two colored clay statues of Heng and Ha made in the Liao dynasty and frescos of the Four Heavenly Kings drawn in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911).[4] This shanmen is one of the Eight Great Architectures of the Liao Dynasty.
Guanyin Pavilion
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The Guanyin Pavilion is a three-story timber structure with five single-eaves Xieshan roofs (歇山顶; 歇山頂; Xiēshān Dǐng; 'half-hipped', 'half-gabled roofs'). The pavilion has a height of about 23 meters and consists of more than one thousand individual pieces.[2] Inside the hall there is a clay statue of the Eleven-Headed Guanyin (十一面观音; 十一面觀音; Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn). The statue, measuring 16 meters in height,[5] is the biggest of its kind in China.[3] This statue of Guanyin was constructed in the Liao dynasty (907-1125), but the artistic style is similar to that in the flourishing period of the Tang dynasty (618–907). On both sides of the statue of Guanyin are statues of his attendants, also made in the Liao dynasty. The pavilion centers with the statue of Guanyin and has two rows of column pillars around. The design which sets dougong on the pillars and architraves on the dougong in each layer separates the pavilion into three stories and makes it easier for people to pay tribute to Guanyin from different angles. The architrave are placed around the statue and the patio formed in the center is covered with an octagonal caisson (八角形藻井), which closely integrates the entire interior space and the statue. The thousands of beams, columns and architraves in the pavilion are arranged in an ordered way with high technique, which shows the excellent wooden architecture technology and achievements in the Liao dynasty.[4]
Gallery
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Temple courtyard -
View from within the Guanyin Pavilion -
Temple roof exhibiting a xieshan hip-and-gable style -
Eleven Faced Avalokitesvara(Guanyin)
Location
editThe Dule Temple is located in the center of Jizhou District. Its address is 41 Wuding Street, Jizhou District, Tianjin (Chinese: 天津市蓟县城内武定街41号; pinyin: Tiānjīn Shì Jìxiàn Chéngnèi Wǔdìng Jiē 41 hào).
Notes and references
edit- ^ Also translated: Monastery of Solitary Happiness
- ^ a b c d e f Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, Liao architecture, University of Hawaii Press, 1997
- ^ a b Dule Temple - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- ^ a b Zi Yan (2012). Famous Temples in China (in English and Chinese). Hefei, Anhui: Huangshan Publishing House. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-7-5461-3146-7.
- ^ Chinese Academy of Architecture (1 January 1982). Ancient Chinese architecture. China Building Industry Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-962-04-0202-9. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
See also
edit- Pagoda of Fogong Temple, another wooden structure from the Liao dynasty (built in 1056)
External links
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- (in French) Illustration of inner structures (Ji County is written as Jixian in the title there)