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Temporal lobe

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The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.[3]

Temporal lobe
Lobes of the human brain (temporal lobe is shown in green)
Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe.
Details
Part ofCerebrum
Artery
Vein
Identifiers
Latinlobus temporalis
MeSHD013702
NeuroNames125
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1160
TA98A14.1.09.136
TA25488
FMA61825
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association.[4]: 21  Temporal refers to the head's temples.

Structure

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The temporal lobe consists of structures that are vital for declarative or long-term memory. Declarative (denotative) or explicit memory is conscious memory divided into semantic memory (facts) and episodic memory (events).[4]: 194 

The medial temporal lobe structures are critical for long-term memory, and include the hippocampal formation, perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal, and entorhinal neocortical regions.[4]: 196 [5] The hippocampus is critical for memory formation, and the surrounding medial temporal cortex is currently theorized to be critical for memory storage.[4]: 21  The prefrontal and visual cortices are also involved in explicit memory.[4]: 21 

Research has shown that lesions in the hippocampus of monkeys results in limited impairment of function, whereas extensive lesions that include the hippocampus and the medial temporal cortex result in severe impairment.[6]

A form of epilepsy that involves the medial lobe is usually known as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.[7]

Function

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Visual memories

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The temporal lobe communicates with the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of explicit long-term memory modulated by the amygdala.[4]: 349 

Processing sensory input

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Auditory
Adjacent areas in the superior, posterior, and lateral parts of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. The temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex.[8] The primary auditory cortex receives sensory information from the ears and secondary areas process the information into meaningful units such as speech and words.[8] The superior temporal gyrus includes an area (within the lateral fissure) where auditory signals from the cochlea first reach the cerebral cortex and are processed by the primary auditory cortex in the left temporal lobe.[citation needed]
Visual
The areas associated with vision in the temporal lobe interpret the meaning of visual stimuli[clarification needed] and establish object recognition.[9] The ventral part of the temporal cortices appears to be involved in high-level visual processing of complex stimuli such as faces (fusiform gyrus)[10] and scenes (parahippocampal gyrus).[11] Anterior parts of this ventral stream for visual processing are involved in object perception and recognition.[8]
 
Animation showing the position of the human left temporal lobe

Language recognition

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In humans, temporal lobe regions are critical for accessing the semantic meaning of spoken words, printed words, and visual objects.[12] Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes of the dominant cerebral hemisphere (the left, in the majority of cases), plays a key role (in tandem with Broca's area in the frontal lobe) in language comprehension,[13] whether spoken language or signed language. FMRI imaging shows these portions of the brain are activated by signed or spoken languages.[14][15] These areas of the brain are active in children's language acquisition[16] whether accessed via hearing a spoken language, watching a signed language, or via hand-over-hand tactile versions of a signed language.[17]

The functions of the left temporal lobe are not limited to low-level perception but extend to comprehension, naming, and verbal memory.[18]

New memories

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See also: Emotion and memory

The medial temporal lobes (near the sagittal plane) are thought to be involved in encoding declarative long term memory.[4]: 194–199  The medial temporal lobes include the hippocampi, which are essential for memory storage, therefore damage to this area can result in impairment in new memory formation leading to permanent or temporary anterograde amnesia.[4]: 194–199 

Clinical significance

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Unilateral temporal lesion

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  • Contralateral homonymous upper quadrantanopia (sector anopsia)
  • Complex hallucinations (smell, sound, vision, memory)

Dominant hemisphere

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Non-dominant hemisphere

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  • Impaired non-verbal memory
  • Impaired musical skills

Bitemporal lesions (additional features)

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Damage

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Individuals who suffer from medial temporal lobe damage have a difficult time recalling visual stimuli. This neurotransmission deficit is not due to lacking perception of visual stimuli, but rather to the inability to interpret what is perceived.[19] The most common symptom of inferior temporal lobe damage is visual agnosia, which involves impairment in the identification of familiar objects. Another less common type of inferior temporal lobe damage is prosopagnosia which is an impairment in the recognition of faces and distinction of unique individual facial features.[20]

Damage specifically to the anterior portion of the left temporal lobe can cause savant syndrome.[21]

Disorders

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Pick's disease, also known as frontotemporal amnesia, is caused by atrophy of the frontotemporal lobe.[22] Emotional symptoms include mood changes, which the patient may be unaware of, including poor attention span and aggressive behavior towards themselves or others. Language symptoms include loss of speech, inability to read or write, loss of vocabulary and overall degeneration of motor ability.[23]

Temporal lobe epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures; symptoms include a variety of sensory (visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustation) hallucinations, as well as an inability to process semantic and episodic memories.[24]

Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by severe disorientation. Its most explicit symptom is the perception of external voices in the form of auditory hallucinations. The cause of such hallucinations has been attributed to deficits in the left temporal lobe, specifically within the primary auditory cortex.[25][26] Decreased gray matter, among other cellular deficits, contribute to spontaneous neural activity that affects the primary auditory cortex as if it were experiencing acoustic auditory input. The misrepresentation of speech in the auditory cortex results in the perception of external voices in the form of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients.[27] Structural and functional MRI techniques have accounted for this neural activity by testing affected and non-affected individuals with external auditory stimuli.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Starr PA, Barbaro NM, Larson PS (30 November 2008). Neurosurgical Operative Atlas: Functional Neurosurgery. Thieme. pp. 16, 26. ISBN 978-1-58890-399-0.
  2. ^ Sekhar LN, de Oliveira E (1999). Cranial Microsurgery: Approaches and Techniques. Thieme. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-86577-698-2.
  3. ^ "Temporal Lobe". Langbrain. Rice University. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Smith EE, Kosslyn SM (2007). Cognitive Psychology: Mind and Brain. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 21, 194–199, 349. ISBN 978-0-13-182508-6.
  5. ^ van Staalduinen EK, Zeineh MM (August 2022). "Medial Temporal Lobe Anatomy". Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 32 (3): 475–489. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2022.04.012. PMID 35843657.
  6. ^ Squire LR, Stark CE, Clark RE (2004). "The medial temporal lobe". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27: 279–306. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130. PMID 15217334.
  7. ^ Leach JL, Awwad R, Greiner HM, Vannest JJ, Miles L, Mangano FT (June 2016). "Mesial temporal lobe morphology in intractable pediatric epilepsy: so-called hippocampal malrotation, associated findings, and relevance to presurgical assessment". Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics. 17 (6): 683–93. doi:10.3171/2015.11.PEDS15485. PMID 26870898.
  8. ^ a b c Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2010). Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4292-3719-2.[page needed]
  9. ^ Okamoto N, Seiyama A, Hori S, Takahashi S (2024-05-03). "Role of the left posterior middle temporal gyrus in shape recognition and its reconstruction during drawing: A study combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional near infrared spectroscopy". PLOS ONE. 19 (5): e0302375. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1902375O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302375. PMC 11068196. PMID 38701103.
  10. ^ Volfart A, Jonas J, Maillard L, Colnat-Coulbois S, Rossion B (April 2020). Freiwald WA (ed.). "Neurophysiological evidence for crossmodal (face-name) person-identity representation in the human left ventral temporal cortex". PLOS Biology. 18 (4): e3000659. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000659. PMC 7159237. PMID 32243450.
  11. ^ Bastin J, Committeri G, Kahane P, Galati G, Minotti L, Lachaux JP, et al. (June 2013). "Timing of posterior parahippocampal gyrus activity reveals multiple scene processing stages". Human Brain Mapping. 34 (6): 1357–1370. doi:10.1002/hbm.21515. PMC 6870532. PMID 22287281.
  12. ^ Visser M, Jefferies E, Lambon Ralph MA (June 2010). "Semantic Processing in the Anterior Temporal Lobes: A Meta-analysis of the Functional Neuroimaging Literature" (PDF). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 22 (6): 1083–1094. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21309. PMID 19583477.
  13. ^ Hickok G, Poeppel D (May 2007). "The cortical organization of speech processing". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 8 (5): 393–402. doi:10.1038/nrn2113. PMID 17431404. S2CID 6199399.
  14. ^ Richardson MW. "Does the Brain Process Sign Language and Spoken Language Differently?". www.brainfacts.org. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  15. ^ Campbell R, MacSweeney M, Waters D (29 June 2007). "Sign language and the brain: a review". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 13 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1093/deafed/enm035. PMID 17602162.
  16. ^ "Language Learning Through the Eye and Ear Webcast". clerccenter.gallaudet.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  17. ^ Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Padden C, Rathmann C, et al. (April 2012). "Language acquisition for deaf children: Reducing the harms of zero tolerance to the use of alternative approaches". Harm Reduction Journal. 9: 16. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-9-16. PMC 3384464. PMID 22472091.
  18. ^ Mitjana LR (6 September 2019). "Lóbulo temporal: anatomía, funciones y características" [Temporal lobe: anatomy, functions and characteristics]. MedSalud (in Spanish).
  19. ^ Pertzov Y, Miller TD, Gorgoraptis N, Caine D, Schott JM, Butler C, et al. (August 2013). "Binding deficits in memory following medial temporal lobe damage in patients with voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibody-associated limbic encephalitis". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 136 (Pt 8): 2474–2485. doi:10.1093/brain/awt129. ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 3722347. PMID 23757763.
  20. ^ Mizuno T, Takeda K (November 2009). "[The symptomatology of frontal and temporal lobe damages]". Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo (in Japanese). 61 (11): 1209–18. PMID 19938677.
  21. ^ Treffert DA (May 2009). "The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1351–1357. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0326. PMC 2677584. PMID 19528017.
  22. ^ Takeda N, Kishimoto Y, Yokota O (2012). "Pick's Disease". Neurodegenerative Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 724. pp. 300–316. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_23. ISBN 978-1-4614-0652-5. PMID 22411252.
  23. ^ Yokota O, Tsuchiya K, Arai T, Yagishita S, Matsubara O, Mochizuki A, et al. (April 2009). "Clinicopathological characterization of Pick's disease versus frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin/TDP-43-positive inclusions". Acta Neuropathologica. 117 (4): 429–444. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0493-4. PMID 19194716. S2CID 23749655.
  24. ^ Lah S, Smith ML (January 2014). "Semantic and episodic memory in children with temporal lobe epilepsy: do they relate to literacy skills?". Neuropsychology. 28 (1): 113–22. doi:10.1037/neu0000029. PMID 24245928.
  25. ^ a b Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M (May 2009). "Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 3 (1): 34–45. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.001.2009. PMC 2695389. PMID 19753095.
  26. ^ Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M (May 2009). "Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 3 (1): 34–45. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.001.2009. PMC 2695389. PMID 19753095.
  27. ^ Ikuta T, DeRosse P, Argyelan M, Karlsgodt KH, Kingsley PB, Szeszko PR, et al. (December 2015). "Subcortical modulation in auditory processing and auditory hallucinations". Behavioural Brain Research. 295: 78–81. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.009. PMC 4641005. PMID 26275927.
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