The Sky Fox (Chinese: 天狐; pinyin: tiān hú), or Celestial Fox is a type of divine beast in East Asian mythology. After reaching 1,000 years of age and gaining its ninth tail, a fox spirit turns a golden color, becoming a sky fox, the most powerful form of the fox spirit, and then ascends to the heavens. With its new celestial form, it is able to see a thousand li ahead (c. 3,927 km (2,440 mi)).
| Sky Fox Celestial Fox | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Tenko, in the Hokusai Manga by Hokusai Katsushika | |||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Chinese | 天狐 | ||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 천호 | ||||||
| Hanja | 天狐 | ||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||
| Kanji | 天狐 | ||||||
| Hiragana | てんこ | ||||||
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History
editThe mythology of multi-tailed foxes originate from the beliefs of Ancient China. A collection of stories dating from the Jin dynasty known as Xuanzhongji (simplified Chinese: 玄中记; traditional Chinese: 玄中記; pinyin: Xuánzhōngjì) records:
"When a fox reaches the age of fifty, it is able to transform into a woman. At a hundred years old, a beauty or a female shaman, who knows about outside affairs a thousand li away. It's kindness and charm make people confused and demented. At a thousand years, the fox connects with the Sky and is transformed into the Sky Fox."[1]
According to legend, It is said that there are three ways to make a fox open its mind and gain wisdom. The first is to swallow treasures by accident, such as the treasures of heaven and earth. The second is for the fox to find a good place to cultivate its spiritual virtues (Chinese: 修行; pinyin: Xiūxíng). As foxes are Yin, they need a lot of Yin Air (陰氣) containing the essence of the moon in order to work at self improvement. Therefore, movies and TV shows sometimes portrays foxes worshiping the moon. The third way for a fox to gain wisdom is to follow a Taoist monk or master to learn abilities.
Every 100 years, a catastrophe occurs. It was believed that if a fox could go through it smoothly, it will grow a new tail. The number of nine-tailed foxes is small because many foxes unfortunately interrupted their practice of self-cultivation or died during the 3~5 tail period. When the fox reaches 1,000 years of age, it will become the Thousand-Year Heavenly Fox, formally gaining the Heavenly Court's canonization and obtaining the Immortal Rank.
In the Edo period of Japan, Tenko were considered to be of the highest rank of foxes, and in the essays "Zen'an Zuihitsu (善庵随筆)" and "Hokusō Sadan (北窓瑣談)", the foxes are ranked in the order of tenko, kūko, kiko, and then yako.[2][3] Also, in the Nihon Shoki, in the 9th year of Emperor Jomei (637), the great shooting star was written as 天狗 (normally read "tengu") and was given the reading of "amatsu kitsune", and from this, the essay "Zen'an Zuihitsu" put forth the theory that tenko and tengu are the same creature.[2]
Furthermore, at the first ridge of the Fushimi Inari-taisha, a male fox by the name of Osugi (小薄) is worshipped as Suehiro Daijin (末廣大神), however, these foxes are always the divine messengers of Inari Ōkami, and not Inari Ōkami himself.
In Ojika, Nagasaki, the tenko is a type of spirit possession, and it is said that those who are possessed by it have a divination ability that is always correct, and is thus a divine spiritual power.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "狐狸多久才成精，怎么能修成灵狐和天狐？".
- ^ a b 笹間良彦 (1994). 図説・日本未確認生物事典. 柏書房. pp. 110頁. ISBN 978-4-7601-1299-9.
- ^ 多田克己編 (1997). 竹原春泉 絵本百物語 -桃山人夜話-. 国書刊行会. pp. 159頁. ISBN 978-4-336-03948-4.
- ^ 村上健司編著 (2000). 妖怪事典. 毎日新聞社. pp. 234頁. ISBN 978-4-620-31428-0.