Theodore Anastasios Kavalliotis (Greek: Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης; Aromanian: Teodor Anastasie Cavalioti;[1] Albanian: Theodor Kavalioti,[2] 1718 – 11 August 1789[3]) was a Greek Orthodox priest, teacher and a figure of the Greek Enlightenment.[4] He is also known for having drafted an Aromanian–Greek–Albanian dictionary.[5]
Theodore Kavalliotis | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1718 |
| Died | 1789 |
| Occupation(s) | Schoolmaster at the New Academy (Moscopole), Philosopher, Priest |
Early life
editTheodoros Anastasiou Kavalliotis was born in Kavala or Moscopole, where he spent most of his life. He has been described variously as either Aromanian, Albanian[6] or Greek.[7] Regardless, Kavalliotis had a Greek identity.[8] He studied in Moscopole and later pursued higher studies in mathematical and philosophical sciences, at the Maroutseios college in Ioannina (in 1732-1734), directed by Eugenios Voulgaris.[9]
Working period
edit
He returned to Moscopole and was appointed teacher at the New Academy (Greek: Νέα Ακαδημία, romanized: Nea Akadimia) in 1743.[10] In 1750, he succeeded his former teacher Sevastos Leontiadis and became director of the New Academy for more than 20 years (1748–1769).[11] His works, written in Greek, are: Logic (1749, unpublished), Physics (1752, unpublished), Grammar of modern Greek (1760), Metaphysics (1767), Protopeiria (1770). They were used extensively and hand-made copies were found even as far as Iaşi, Romania. After the destruction of Moscopole in 1769, he probably went to Tokaj, Hungary, but returned in 1773.[11]
In 1770, he published in Venice, at Antonio Bortoli's printing press, a school textbook, called Protopeiria.[12] Protopeiria is a 104 pages textbook, which in pages 15–59 included a trilingual lexicon of 1,170 Greek, Aromanian and Albanian words.[13] This work aimed at the Hellenization of the non-Greek-speaking Christian communities in the Balkans.[14][15] The lexicon was re-published in 1774 by the Swedish[16] professor Johann Thunmann, who taught at the University of Halle-Wittenberg. Thunmann added a Latin translation to the words in Greek, Aromanian and Albanian.[17]
Besides Eugenios Voulgaris, he was also influenced by the work of Vikentios Damodos, Methodios Anthrakites, René Descartes and medieval scholastics.[citation needed]
Kavalliotis couldn't manage to reestablish the destroyed New Academy.[18] During his last months he witnessed another wave of destruction of his home place, in June 1789, by local Muslim lords. Kavalliotis died at August 11, 1789, aged 71.[19]
Sample from the first page of the Lexicon
edit| Ῥωμαίϊκα (Romaic - modern Greek) | Βλάχικα (Vlach - Aromanian) | Ἀλβανίτικα (Albanian) | English translation | (Daco-)Romanian translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ἀββᾶς | Ηγούμενου (Igumenu) | Ηγκουμέν (Igumen) | Abbot | Egumen, abate, stareț |
| Ἀγαλια | Ανάργα (Anarga) | Γκαντάλε (Ngadalë) | Slowly | Încet, lent |
| Ἀγαπῶ | Βόη (Voe) | Ντούα (Dua) | (I) Love | Iubesc |
| Ἄγγελος | Άγγελου (Aghelu) | Έγγελ (Engjëll) | Angel | Înger |
| Ἀγγεῖον | Βάσου (Vasu) | Ένᾳ (Enë) | Pot | Vas |
| Ἀγγίσρι | Γκρέπου (Grepu) | Γκρέπ (Grep) | Fish hook | Cârlig |
| Ἀγελάδα | Βάκᾳ (Vaca) | Λιόπᾳ (Lopë) | Cow | Vacă |
| Ἅγιος | Σᾴμτου (Santu) | Σσιέντ (Shenjt) | Saint | S(f)ânt |
| Ἀγκάθι | Σκίνου (Schinu) | Γκιέπ (Gjemb) | Thorn | Ghimpe |
| Ἀγκάλη | Μπράτζᾳ (Mbrata) | Πουσστίμ (Pushtim) | Embrace | Îmbrățișare |
| Ἀγκοῦρι | Καϛραβέτζου (Castravetu) | Κραϛαβέτζ (Kastravec) | Cucumber | Castravete |
| Ἀγκῶνας | Κότου (Cotu) | Μπᾳλλίουλ (Bërryl) | Elbow | Cot |
| Ἀγνάντια | Καρσσί (Carsi) | Κουντρέ (Kundër) | Opposite | Opus, diferit |
Works
edit- Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ ὀκτω μέρη τοῦ λόγου. Ἐν Μοσχοπόλει 1760 καὶ Ἑνετίῃσι 1774.
- Ἔπη πρὸς τὸν ἐξαρχικῶν ἐν Μοσχοπόλει ἐπιδημήσαντα Ἰωαννίκιον Χαλκηδόνος ἐν ἔτει 1750 Μαΐου 2.
- Πρωτοπειρία. (Starting out) Ἑνετίῃσιν, 1770. Παρὰ Ἀντωνίῳ τῷ Βόρτολι. Superiorum permissu. Ac privilegio.
References
edit- ^ Piceava, Dumitru, ed. (2005). "Mass-media armâneascâ". Bana Armâneascâ (in Aromanian). Vol. 39–40, no. 1–2. p. 2.
Va s-aducù aminti aoatsi, tu psânizboarâ, ânyrâpserli alù Teodor Anastasie Cavalioti, cari tu anlu 1770...
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2017). The Indo-European Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-0-415-73062-4.
- ^ The Codex of Saint John Prodromos' monastery, Moschopolis: 1789, Αὐγούστου 11 ἡμέρα β ἐπλέρωσεν τὸ κοινὸν ὁ ἱεροδιδάσκαλος Πρωτοπαπᾶς Θεόδωρος Ἀναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης - Αἰωνία τοῦ ἡ μνήμη. (p. 29.)
- ^ Asterios I. Koukoudēs. The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Zitros, 2003, ISBN 978-960-7760-86-9, p. 335.
- ^ Lloshi p.275
- ^ Clogg, Richard (1981). Balkan society in the age of Greek independence. MacMillan Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780333315804. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ For a survey of different views see: Κεκρίδης, Ευστάθιος (1989). Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καββαλιώτης (1718 - 1789). Ο διδάσκαλος του γένους (Thesis) (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. pp. 17–31. doi:10.12681/eadd/1624. hdl:10442/hedi/1624.
- ^ Thede Kahl, Γλώσσα και στόχοι του πρώιμου αρμανικού, γραπτού λόγου (1731-1813), p. 71 (German original: Sprache und Intention der ersten aromunischen Textdokumente, 1731-1809) in Για την ταυτότητα των Βλάχων: εθνοπολιτισμικές προσεγγίσεις μιας βαλκανικής πραγματικότητας, Βιβλιόραμα (2009)
- ^ Dieter Kremer: Actes du XVIIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes; 1989. p. 122 [1]
- ^ Tassos A. Mikropoulos. Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Earthlab. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3, p. 316.
- ^ a b Κεκρίδης (1988), p. 283
- ^ Greece and the Balkans: identities, perceptions and cultural encounters since the Enlightenment; ed. by Tziovas, Dimitris. [2]
- ^ Lloshi p. 282
- ^ Friedman A. Victor. After 170 years of Balkan linguistics. Wither the Millennium? Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine University of Chicago. p. 2: "...given the intent of these comparative lexicons was the Hellenization of non-Greek-speaking Balkan Christians...
- ^ Horst Förster, Horst Fassel. Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4. pp. 35–45.
- ^ "Johann Thunmann: On the History and Language of the Albanians and Vlachs". R. Elsie. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17.
- ^ Lloshi pp. 290-292 and p.317
- ^ Kekridis (1989): p. 66
- ^ Kekridis (1989): p. 68
Sources
edit- Hetzer, Armin; Roman, Viorel S. (February 1983), Albania, Walter De Gruyter Inc, ISBN 978-3-598-21133-1
- Κεκριδής Ευστάθιος (1989), "Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης (1718; 1789). Ο Διδάσκαλος του Γένους", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Doctoral Dissertation), doi:10.12681/eadd/1624, retrieved 2010-09-11
- Lloshi, Xhevat (2008), Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes, Logos, ISBN 9789989582684