The terræ filius (son of the soil) was a satirical orator who spoke at public ceremonies of the University of Oxford, for over a century. There was official sanction for personal attacks, but some of the speakers overstepped the line and fell into serious trouble. The custom was terminated during the 18th century.[1][2] The comparable speaker at the University of Cambridge was called "prevaricator".[3]
The bawdy poem The Oxford-Act (1693) contains a terræ filius speech, and is attributed to Alicia D'Anvers.[4] Nicholas Amhurst took Terrae-filius, Or, The Secret History of the University of Oxford for the title of a series of periodical essays appearing from 1721, making up a 1726 book.[5]
List of terræ filii
edit- 1591 Supposedly "Thomas Tomkins", although this individual cannot be traced. This is the earliest known terræ filius.[6]
- 1592 John Hoskins, expelled[7]
- 1637 "Mr. Masters," expelled[8]
- 1651 William Levinz[9] and Thomas Careles[10]
- 1655 Robert Whitehall[11] and John Glendall[10]
- c. 1656 unnamed terræ filius was forcibly arrested at the podium and taken to Bocardo Prison due to offensive language[8]
- 1657 Daniel Danvers[8]
- 1657 Lancelot Addison, forced to retract[12]
- 1658 Thomas Pittys, expelled[8]
- 1661 (one of several) Arthur Brett[13]
- 1663 John Edwards and Joseph Brooks[10]
- 1664 William Cave and Richard Wood, "stopped in their regency"[8]
- 1665-8 no terræ filius[10]
- 1669 Thomas Hayes and Henry Gerard, both expelled[8]
- 1670 no terræ filius[10]
- 1671 John Roderham and Nicholas Hall[10]
- 1673 John Shirley[14]
- 1674 Charles Layfield[10]
- 1675 Venables Keeling[10]
- 1676 Balthazar Vigures, expelled,[15] and John Crofts, chaplain of New College, who retracted after the speech so was not expelled[8]
- 1681 John More, beaten with a cudgel following the speech[8]
- 1682 Henry Boles[16] and Jacob Allestry[17]
- 1683 Michael Smith [16]
- 1684 Henry Walbanke and Thomas Easton[16]
- 1693 Robert Turner and Henry Aldworth.[16] Their full speeches (in Latin) survive in the notebook of Thomas Hearne.[8]
- 1703 Robert Roberts;[18] this year William Delaune was attacked[19]
- 1706 Theodore Brooke[8]
- 1713 Bernard Gardiner suppressed a Whig speech, as a threat to political stability.[20] The speech was printed, but some copies were burned.[8]
- 1713-33 No terræ filius[8]
- 1733 No terræ filius but a speech was printed anonymously.[8]
- 1763 Final appearance of the terræ filius, closely censored by the university and free of improper remarks.[8]
Notes
edit- ^ John Dougill (19 October 2010). Oxford in English Literature: The Making, and Undoing, Of the English Athens. AuthorHouse. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-4670-0467-1.
- ^ Cuthbert Bede (1865). The Rook's Garden: Essays and Sketches. Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. p. 196.
- ^ Dale B. J. Randall; Jackson C. Boswell (29 January 2009). Cervantes in Seventeenth-Century England: The Tapestry Turned: The Tapestry Turned. OUP Oxford. p. 321 note 10. ISBN 978-0-19-156158-0.
- ^ Nelson, Holly Faith. "D'Anvers, Alicia". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74080. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Nicholas Amhurst (2004). Terrae-filius, Or, The Secret History of the University of Oxford, 1721-1726. University of Delaware Press. pp. 13–5. ISBN 978-0-87413-801-6.
- ^ Imagined Universities: Public Insult and the Terrae Filius in Early Modern Oxford
- ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1891). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Smith, Bromley; Ehninger, Douglas (October 1950). "The Terrafilial disputations at oxford". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 36 (3): 333–339. doi:10.1080/00335635009381578.
- ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wood, Anthony; Clark, Andrew (1891). The life and times of Anthony Wood, antiquary of Oxford, 1632-1695. Oxford : Printed for the Oxford Historical Society at the Clarendon Press.
- ^ Christopher Wordsworth, Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century (1874) p. 296; archive.org.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ Pritchard, Jonathan. "Brett, Arthur". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3342. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ Annals of the universe: containing an account of the most memorable actions, affairs, and occurrences which have happen'd in the world: but especially in Europe. From the year 1660. where Mr. Whitlock leaves off, to the year 1680. In two decades: with an index to the whole. Being a continuation of the said Mr. Whitlock's Memorials. London: printed for William Carter, and to be sold by John Morphew. 1709. p. 347. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d Wood, Anthony (1894). The Life and Times of Anthony Wood, Antiquary, of Oxford, 1632-1695: 1682-1695. Oxford Historical Society, at the Clarendon Press.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ Bodleian Library (1860). Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum bibliothecae Bodleianae ... p. 35.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ Gibson, William. "Gardiner, Bernard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10355. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)