The chelys or chelus (Greek: χέλυς, Latin: testudo, both meaning "turtle" or "tortoise"), was a stringed musical instrument, the common lyre of the ancient Greeks, which had a convex back of tortoiseshell or of wood shaped like the shell. The word chelys was used in allusion to the oldest lyre of the Greeks, which was said to have been invented by Hermes.[1] According to the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, he came across a tortoise near the threshold of his mother's home and decided to hollow out the shell to make the soundbox of an instrument with seven strings.[2]
The word has been applied arbitrarily since classic times to various stringed instruments, some bowed and some plucked, probably owing to the back being much vaulted. Athanasius Kircher (Musurgia universalis, 486) applied the name of chelys to a kind of viol with eight strings. Numerous representations of the chelys lyre or testudo occur on Greek vases, in which the actual tortoiseshell is depicted. A good illustration is given in Le Antichità di Ercolano (vol. i. p1. 43).[3] Propertius (iv. 6) calls the instrument the lyra testudinea. Joseph Justus Scaliger[4] was probably the first writer to draw attention to the difference between the chelys and the kithara.[1]
The acoustics of an authentically reconstructed ancient Greek tortoise-shell lyre, known as chelys, was investigated in 2011.[5] Modern experimental methods were employed, such as electronic speckle pattern laser interferometry and impulse response, to extract the vibrational behavior of the instrument and its main parts. Additionally, the emitted sound from the instrument was recorded, under controlled conditions, and spectrally analyzed. Major findings include the concentration of the emitted sound between 400 Hz and 800 Hz, with an amplitude modified in a manner consistent with the experimentally measured vibrational characteristics of the instrument’s sound box and bridge. The experimental results validate the historical evidence that chelys was used in Greek antiquity as an accompaniment instrument to the human voice.
Notes
edit- ^ a b Schlesinger 1911, p. 26.
- ^ Anonymous; Evelyn-White, Hugh G., translator (1914). "Hymn 4 to Hermes". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Lines 26-65. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
{{cite web}}:|first2=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The ancient Roman site of Herculaneum is preserved from the 1st century AD. At Herculaneum a wall painting contains a painting of a chelys lyre. The painting is re-depicted in the book Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte (the Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed), volume 1 page 43, year 1757: ONLINE. A picture of a modern replica of an ancient chelys lyre is at the website of The British Museum.
- ^ Scaliger, introductory notes to his edition of Marcus Manilius, Astronomicon, 1579.
- ^ E. Bakarezos, V. Vathis, S. Brezas, Y. Orphanos and N.A. Papadogiannis, "Acoustics of the Chelys - An ancient Greek tortoise-shell lyre" Applied Acoustics 73, 478 (2012)
References
edit- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). "Chelys". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
