The Dead Rabbits were an Irish American criminal street gang active in Lower Manhattan in the 1830s to 1850s. The Dead Rabbits were so named after a dead rabbit was thrown into the center of the room during a gang meeting, prompting some members to treat this as an omen, withdraw, and form an independent gang. Their battle symbol was a dead rabbit on a pike.[1] They often clashed with Nativist political groups who viewed Irish Catholics as a threatening and criminal subculture.[2][3] The Dead Rabbits were given the nicknames of "Mulberry Boys" and the "Mulberry Street Boys" by the New York City Police Department because they were known to have operated along Mulberry Street in the Five Points.[4][5][6]
 Dead Rabbit holding a brickbat as a weapon in July 1857 | |
| Founding location | Five Points, Manhattan, New York (present-day Worth Street, Baxter Street, and Columbus Park), Manhattan, New York City |
|---|---|
| Years active | 1830s-1860s |
| Territory | Five Points, Manhattan |
| Ethnicity | Irish and Irish-American |
| Criminal activities | Street fighting, knife fighting, assault, murder, robbery, arson, rioting |
| Allies | Chichesters, Tammany Hall, Plug Uglies, Roach Guards, Mulberry Street Boys, Municipal Police, Forty Thieves, Shirt Tails, Kerryonians |
| Rivals | Bowery Boys, Atlantic Guards, O'Connell Guards, American Guards, True Blue Americans, Empire Guards, New York City Police Department |
Tyler Anbinder, an American historian, claims that the Dead Rabbits did not exist as a gang and were actually misidentified members of the Roach Guards.
History
edit
The original Dead Rabbits were founded by disgruntled gang members of the Roach Guards, who became the largest Irish crime organization in early 19th-century Manhattan, having well over 100 members when called up for action. Their chief rival gang was the Bowery Boys, native-born New Yorkers who supported the Know Nothing anti-immigrant political party,[1] and through Michael Walsh had links to the dominant Protestant minority[7] in Ireland and immigrants of that background;[8] Herbert Asbury's seemingly contradictory observation in his 1927 book Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld that the Bowery Boys were an Irish gang, despite being anti-Catholic[9] is explained by the deep-seated divisions in religion, culture and economic circumstances between the two groups on the island of Ireland which were carried over to the new world.
These two rival gangs fought more than 200 gang battles in a span of 10 years, beginning in 1834, and they often outmanned the police force and even the state militias. Besides street-fighting, the Dead Rabbits supported politicians such as Fernando Wood and the Tammany Hall machine, whose platforms included the welfare and benefit of immigrant groups and minorities, and under the leadership of Isaiah Rynders the gang acted as enforcers to violently persuade voters during elections to vote for their candidates.[3][10] According to legend, one of the most feared Dead Rabbits was "Hell-Cat Maggie", a woman who reportedly filed her teeth to points and wore brass fingernails into battle.[11]
On July 4, 1857, a prolonged riot occurred between the Dead Rabbits and the Metropolitan Police, and the Bowery gangs against the Municipal Police, Mulberry Street Boys, Roach Guards, and Dead Rabbits in Bayard Street.[12] Their members may also have participated in the 1863 New York Draft Riots in the American Civil War, and in the Orange Riots of 1870 and 1871, which all broke out around the time of (July) The Twelfth, the date of the main annual Irish Protestant commemoration which heightened tensions between the two Irish communities in the United States (and continues to do so in Northern Ireland today).
By 1866, mentions of the Dead Rabbits as an organization currently in existence disappeared from New York City newspapers, and they were sometimes referred to in the past tense.[13] The term "Dead Rabbit" was used as the 1870s as a generic term for a riotous people or groups.[14]
Historical accuracy of name
editAmerican historian Tyler Anbinder claims that there is no evidence of a Dead Rabbits gang existing at all, and that the alleged organization was in fact a misnomer for the Roach Guards. In Anbinder's telling of events, in the aftermath of a gang war between the Bowery Boys and the Roach Guards, reporters relied heavily on the Bowery Boys for information. The Bowery Boys likely tarred the Roche Guards with the slang term "dead Rabbit party", referring to thieves, and the press continued using the term despite Five Points locals expressing incredulity at the unfamiliar name. Anbinder writes that "there seems to be no justification for referring to the Bowery Boys' adversaries by [the name Dead Rabbits]."[14]
Song
edit
Lyrics detailing the Dead Rabbits' battle with the Bowery Boys on July 4, 1857, were written by Henry Sherman Backus[15] and Daniel Decatur Emmett:
Chorus
Then pull off the coat and roll up the sleeve,
For Bayard is a hard street to travel;
So pull off the coat and roll up the sleeve,
The Bloody Sixth is a hard ward to travel I believe.
Like wild dogs they did fight, this Fourth of July night,
Of course they laid their plans accordin';
Some were wounded and some killed, and lots of blood spill'd,
In the fight on the other side of Jordan.
Chorus
The new Police did join the Bowery boys in line,
With orders strict and right accordin;
Bullets, clubs and bricks did fly, and many groan and die,
Hard road to travel over Jordan.
Chorus
When the new police did interfere, this made the Rabbits sneer,
And very much enraged them accordin';
With bricks they did go in, determined for to win,
And drive them on the other side of Jordan.
Chorus
Upon the following day they had another fray,
The Black Birds and Dead Rabbits accordin;
The soldiers were call'd out, to quell the mighty riot,
And drove them on the other side of Jordan.
In popular culture
editIn films and television
editThe Dead Rabbits riot was featured in the History Channel documentary television series History's Mysteries in 1998. The story of the New York Dead Rabbits is told, in highly fictionalized form, in Martin Scorsese's 2002 film Gangs of New York, which was partially inspired by Herbert Asbury's book Gangs of New York. In the 2014 film, Winter's Tale, the Dead Rabbits and the Short Tails are featured prominently; a similar theme pervades Mark Helprin 1983 novel of the same name.[citation needed] The fourth season of the 2014 television series, Hell on Wheels has a few Dead Rabbit characters.
In literature
editA book of poetry by Richard Griffin, The Dead Rabbit Riot, A.D. 1857: And Other Poems, was published in 1915. Patricia Beatty's 1987 historical children's fiction novel Charlie Skedaddle mentions Dead Rabbits (the main character is a Bowery Boy).[citation needed]
Some of the exploits of the Dead Rabbits are dramatized in Chapter XVIII of MacKinlay Kantor's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Andersonville (1955).
In art
editArtist George Henry Hall's 1858 painting is titled A Dead Rabbit (also entitled Study of the Nude or Study of an Irishman), which depicts a dead Dead Rabbit gang member killed during the riot on July 4, 1857, in New York City's Lower East Side.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Buddy, James. Gangs in America's Communities. SAGE Publications, Inc; Buddy edition (November 9, 2011). pg. 5; ISBN 978-1412979535
- ^ Maffi, Mario.Gateway to the Promised Land: Ethnicity and Culture in New York's Lower East Side (Revealing Antiquity; 8), NYU Press; 1st edition (April 1, 1995). pg. 129. ISBN 978-0814755082
- ^ a b O'Kane, James. The Crooked Ladder: Gangsters, Ethnicity, and the American Dream. Transaction Publishers; New edition (January 31, 2002), pp. 55-57; ISBN 978-0765809940
- ^ Smith, Carter F. (2017). Gangs and the Military: Gangsters, Bikers, and Terrorists with Military Training. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 11. ISBN 9781442275171.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0300182576.
- ^ Caldwell, Mark. (2005). New York Night: The Mystique and Its History. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. p. 146. ISBN 9780743274784.
- ^ Connolly, Sean (2008). Divided kingdom : Ireland, 1630-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-156243-3. OCLC 263375417.
- ^ Adams, Peter (2005). The Bowery Boys : street corner radicals and the politics of rebellion. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98538-5. OCLC 57193072.
- ^ Asbury, Herbert (2001). The gangs of New York : an informal history of the underworld. Jorge Luis Borges. New York. ISBN 1-56025-275-8. OCLC 47644025.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "10 Deadly Street Gangs Of The Victorian Era". Listverse. 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
- ^ "7 Infamous Gangs of New York - History Lists". history.com. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
- ^ "Rioting And Bloodshed; The Fight At Cow Bay. Metropolitans Driven from the 6th Ward. Chimneys Hurled Down Upon the Populace. 'Dead Rabbits' Against the 'Bowery hi.'", New York Daily, July 6, 1857.
- ^ "22 Sep 1869, Page 3 - The New York Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
- ^ a b Anbinder, Tyler (2010). Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum. Free Press (published 2010-09-28). pp. 353–354. ISBN 978-1439141557.
- ^ "Murder by Gaslight: The Saugerties Bard". murderbygaslight.com. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Sources
edit- Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928; ISBN 1-56025-275-8
- Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001; ISBN 0-8160-4040-0