Boomerang (roller coaster)

Boomerang is a model of roller coaster manufactured and designed by Vekoma, a Dutch manufacturer. The roller coaster model name is from the hunting implement based on the traditions of the Indigenous Australians. As of January 2023 there are 55 Boomerangs operating.

Boomerang
Boomerang at Wild Adventures
StatusIn production
First manufactured1984
No. of installations55
ManufacturerVekoma
Height35.51 m (116.5 ft)
Length285 m (935 ft)
Speed47 mph (76 km/h)
G force5.2
Capacity760 riders per hour
DurationAbout 1 min 48 sec
Restraint StyleOver-the-shoulder
Inversions6 [3 on track, but each run traverses the track twice]
Boomerang at RCDB

The roller coaster model was created in the early 1980s and was first introduced at four different parks around the world in 1984.

Design and ride experience

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Boomerang's layout design

The Boomerang consists of a single train with seven cars, capable of carrying 28 passengers. The ride begins when the train is pulled backwards from the station and up the first lift hill by a catchcar. After being released, the train passes through the station, enters a Cobra roll element (referred to as a boomerang by the designers) and then travels through a vertical loop. After being pulled up a second lift hill, the train is released to head backwards through each inversion once more, making the total number of inversions per ride six. The train slows down as it passes through the station backwards and then comes to a complete stop in the station. This coaster model is popular among many amusement parks in the United States, but it has appeared at amusement parks around the world.

Boomerang coasters have occasionally stalled, often in the Cobra Roll element. As a precaution, many Boomerang coasters are built with an access platform just under the Cobra Roll/Boomerang element.

During the reverse cycle, riders experience a g force of up to 5.2 when the train re-enters the vertical loop at 47 miles per hour (76 km/h). In back row of the train – the first to enter the loop – this represents one of the most forceful moments seen in steel rollercoaster design.

Variant designs

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There are three main design variants based on the Boomerang layout, all of which are produced by Vekoma.

 
Stinger when it was known as Invertigo at California's Great America

Invertigo

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The first variant of the Boomerang is the Invertigo. While retaining the same layout as the Boomerang, the Invertigo has inverted track, turning it into an inverted roller coaster. Each car has two rows of seats that are back-to-back, so the riders in the back row of each car would be facing those in the front of the trailing car. The first Invertigo, HangOver at Liseberg in Gothenburg, Sweden was supposed to open in 1996 with a new linear induction motor (LIM) or LSM lift. However, development problems delayed the ride's opening to 1997, and the design was remade to include a traditional chain lift like the original Boomerang. Only four Invertigo models were ever built.

Giant Inverted Boomerang

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Stunt Fall at Parque Warner Madrid is one of five Giant Inverted Boomerangs built

The second design is known as both the Giant Inverted Boomerang and the Super Invertigo. While maintaining a similar layout to the Boomerang, the track is again inverted and the size of the ride is increased. The track is 270 feet (82 m) longer, the two lift hills are almost 80 feet (24 m) taller and both hills are vertical. As of 2022, four Giant Inverted Boomerangs operate and one was under construction.

Family Boomerang

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In late 2010, Vekoma announced that they would be manufacturing a family-friendly model of the Boomerang. The prototype opened at Drayton Manor Theme Park, as "Ben 10 – Ultimate Mission", in April 2011; it was later renamed to Accelerator.[1] Another model debuted on 17 May 2016 as “Velociraptor”, in the ‘Lost Kingdom’ themed area of Paultons Park.[2] Unlike the other Boomerang roller coasters, a Family Boomerang does not feature inversions, but it still retains a similar shuttle design. The ride features the two signature end-spikes on (more or less) a figure-8 track layout. Phantasialand added the world's largest family boomerang, “Raik”, in 2016. This debuted in the new themed area of ‘Klugheim’, accompanying the adjacent Taron (an Intamin Blitz coaster).[3]

Super Boomerang

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In 2023, a new variant of the Boomerang model opened in Fantawild Wonderland in China.[4] This version uses a launch system rather than a catch car lift hill and has a longer layout and fewer inversions than the normal boomerang and is more similar to rides such as Mr. Freeze and the now defunct Batman & Robin: The Chiller, though it has a swing launch rather then a stationary launch.[5]

Layouts

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Layouts of the different variations
Boomerang
Invertigo
Giant Inverted Boomerang

Ride locations

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Coaster name Amusement park Variant Original opening Status
Accelerator
Formerly Ben 10 - Ultimate Mission
Drayton Manor Theme Park Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft) 2011 Operating [6]
Aftershock
Formerly Déjà Vu
Silverwood Theme Park
Six Flags Great America
Giant Inverted Boomerang 2008
2001
Operating
Closed 2007
[7]
[8]
Anaconda Luna Park, Tel Aviv Boomerang 2000 Operating [9]
The Bat Canada's Wonderland Boomerang 1987 Operating [10]
Boomerang Bellewaerde Boomerang 1984 Operating [11]
Boomerang Elitch Gardens Theme Park Boomerang 1999 Operating [12]
Boomerang Energylandia Family Boomerang Rebound 2017 Operating [13]
Boomerang E-World Boomerang 1995 Operating [14]
Boomerang Freizeit-Land Geiselwind Boomerang 2000 Operating [15]
Boomerang Fantasilandia Boomerang 1996 Operating [16]
Boomerang Gero Land Boomerang 1997 Operating [17]
Boomerang La Ronde Boomerang 1984 Operating [18]
Boomerang Parc des Combes Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft) 2011 Operating [19]
Búmeran Parque Diversiones Costa Rica Boomerang 2012 Operating [20]
Boomerang Parque de la Costa Boomerang 1998 Operating [21]
Boomerang Siam Park City
Jerudong Park Playground
Boomerang 2007
1996
Operating
Closed 2006
[22]
[23]
Boomerang Six Flags Fiesta Texas Boomerang 1999 Operating [24]
Boomerang Six Flags Mexico
Rafaela Padilla
Boomerang 1987
1984
Operating
Closed 1986
[25]
[26]
Boomerang
Formerly Flashback
Six Flags St. Louis
Six Flags Over Texas
Boomerang 2013
1989
Operating
Closed 2012
[27]
[28]
Boomerang Trans Studio Bali, Indonesia
Pleasure Island Family Theme Park
Boomerang 2019
1993
Operating
Closed 2016
[29]
[30]
Boomerang Walygator Sud-Ouest
Zygo Park
Boomerang 1992
1987
Operating [31]
[32]
Boomerang Wiener Prater Boomerang 1992 Operating [33]
Boomerang Wild Adventures Boomerang 1998 Operating [34]
Boomerang Worlds of Fun Boomerang 2000 Operating [35]
Boomerang Family Fun
Tivoli Karolinelund
Boomerang 2015
2005
Operating
Closed 2010
[36]
[37]
Boomerang (飞旋过山车) Wuhan Zhongshan Park Boomerang 2017 Operating [38]
Boomerang Yerevan Park Family Boomerang Rebound 2021 Operating [39]
Boomerang: Coast to Coaster Six Flags Darien Lake Boomerang 1998 Operating [40]
Boomerang: Coast to Coaster Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Boomerang 1998 Operating [41]
Boomerang Hyper Coaster
Formerly Boomerang
Trans Studio Cibubur, Indonesia
Knott's Berry Farm
Boomerang 2019
1990
Operating
Closed 2017[42]
[43]
Boomerang Roller Coaster Amrapali Funland Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft) 2014 Operating [44]
Boomerang-Roller Coaster Al-Shallal Theme Park Boomerang 2004 Operating [45]
Búmeran
Formerly Boomerang
Parque Diversiones
Playcenter São Paulo
Boomerang 2012
1997
Operating
Closed 2012
[20]
[46]
Bumerang Tashkentland Boomerang 1995 Operating [47]
Cobra PowerPark Boomerang 2005 Operating [48]
Cobra Walibi Belgium Boomerang 2001 Operating [49]
Cloud Shuttle Fantawild Wonderland Tongshan Super Boomerang 2023 Operating [4]
Diabolik
Formerly Two-Face: The Flip Side
Movieland Park
Six Flags America
Invertigo 2015
1999
Operating
Closed 2007
[50]
Family Coaster (合家欢过山车) Happy Valley Family Boomerang 2017 Operating [51]
FamilyBoomerang RollerCoaster Happy Valley Boomerang 2020 Operating [52]
Fireball Furuvik Family Boomerang 2017 Operating [53][54]
Flashback
Formerly Vampire
Formerly Boomerang
Six Flags New England
Kentucky Kingdom
Nanhu Amusement Park
Boomerang 2000
1990
1985
Operating
Closed 1999
Closed late 1980s–early 1990s
[55]
[56]
[57]
Flashback
Formerly Boomerang: Coast to Coaster
Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor Boomerang 1997 Operating [58]
The Flying Cobras
Formerly Carolina Cobra
Formerly Head Spin/Mind Eraser
Carowinds
Geauga Lake
Boomerang 2009
1996
Operating
Closed 2007
[59]
[60]
Frontline Charge (火线 追击) Fanta Park Glorious Orient Ningbo Family Boomerang Rebound 2021 Operating [61]
Frontline Charge (火线 追击) Fanta Park Glorious Orient Ganzhou Family Boomerang Rebound 2021 Operating [62]
Generator Walibi Rhône-Alpes Boomerang 1988 Operating [63]
Giant Inverted Boomerang (巅峰一号) Jin Jiang Action Park Giant Inverted Boomerang 2011 Operating [64]
Goliath
Formerly Déjà Vu
Six Flags New England
Six Flags Magic Mountain
Giant Inverted Boomerang 2012
2001
Demolished
Closed 2011
[65]
[66][67]
High Speed Round Trip Bao Son Paradise Park Family Boomerang Rebound 2019 Operating [68]
Invertigo
Formerly Face/Off)
Kings Island Invertigo 1999 Operating [69]
Jolly Rancher Remix
Formerly Sidewinder
Hersheypark Boomerang 1991 Operating [70]
Light Explorers Energylandia Family Boomerang Spirit 2021 Operating [71]
London Loop Global Village Family Boomerang 2017 Operating [72]
Luna Liseberg Family Boomerang 2023 Operating [73]
Pine Tree Rocket (飞跃狗熊岭) Oriental Heritage, Shanxi Family Boomerang Rebound 2021 Operating [74]
Pine Tree Rocket (飞跃狗熊岭) Fantawild Land Family Boomerang Rebound 2021 Operating [75]
Quantum Leap Sochi Park Giant Inverted Boomerang 2014 Operating [76]
Ragin' Cajun
Formerly Boomerang
Dixie Landing'
Hafan y Môr Holiday Park
Boomerang 2001
1987
Operating
Closed 1998
[77]
Raik Phantasialand Family Boomerang 2016 Operating [78][79]
Recoil
Formerly Thunderbolt
Wonderla Amusement Park Bangalore
Aladdin's Kingdom
Boomerang 2016
1994
Operating
Closed 2009
[80]
[81]
Recoil
Formerly Zoomerang
Formerly Demon

Formerly Titan
Wonderla Amusement Park Hyderabad
Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure
Wonderland Sydney
World Expo Park
Boomerang 2016
2005
1992
1988
Operating
Closed 2011
Closed 2004
Closed 1988
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
Recoil
Formerly Colossus
Wonderla Amusement Park Kochi
Habtoorland
Boomerang 2017
2004
Operating
Closed 2011
[86]
[87]
Saven Fårup Sommerland Family Boomerang Spirit 2020 Operating [88]
Sea Serpent Morey's Piers Boomerang 1984 Operating [89]
Snow Slope Lusail Winter Wonderland Family Boomerang Rebound 2022 Operating [90]
Space Shuttle Max
Formerly Cobra
Enchanted Kingdom
West Midland Safari Park
Boomerang 1995
1985
Operating
Closed 1991
[91]
[92]
Spartan Race (Chúa tể đấu trường)
Formerly Flying Dolphin Coaster
VinWonders Phú Quốc Family Boomerang 185 m (607 ft) 2015 Operating [93]
[94]
Speed of Sound
Formerly La Via Volta
Walibi Holland Boomerang 2000 Operating [95]
Stinger
Formerly Invertigo
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
California's Great America
Invertigo 2012
1998
Demolished
Closed 2010
[96][97][98]
Stress Express Fantawild Dreamland, Fujian Boomerang 2013 Operating [99]
Stress Express Fantawild Adventure Boomerang 2012 Operating [100]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage Jinan Boomerang 2015 Operating [101]
Stress Express Fantawild Dreamland, Hunan Boomerang 2016 Operating [102]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage Jiujiang Boomerang 2015 Operating [103]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage Cixi Boomerang 2016 Operating [104]
Stress Express Fantawild Asian Legend Boomerang 2018 Operating [105]
Stress Express Silk Road Dreamland Boomerang 2019 Operating [106]
Stunt Fall Parque Warner Madrid Giant Inverted Boomerang 2002 Operating [107]
Tidal Wave Trimper's Rides Boomerang 1986 Operating [108]
Triops
Formerly Tornado
Formerly Unknown
Formerly HangOver
Bagatelle
Sommerland Syd
Allou Fun Park
Liseberg
Invertigo 2012
2005
Never opened>
1997
Operating
Closed 2011
Never opened
Closed 2002
[109]
[110]
[111]
[112]
Turbo Dino (角龙战车) Zigong Fantawild Dinosaur Kingdom Family Boomerang Rebound 2022 Operating [113]
Tweestryd Wildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen (Double) Family Boomerang 2018 Operating [114]
Velociraptor Paulton's Park Family Boomerang 2016 Operating [115]
Volldampf Erlebnispark Tripsdrill Family Boomerang 2020 Operating [116]
Whirly Roller Coaster
Formerly Boomerang
Floraland Continent Park
Qingdao International Beer City
Boomerang 2015
1995
Operating
Closed 2010
[117]
[118]
Wipeout
Formerly Missile
Formerly Coca-Cola Roller
Pleasurewood Hills
The American Adventure Theme Park
Glasgow Garden Festival
Boomerang 2007
1989
1988
Operating
Closed 2004
Closed 1988
[119]
[120]
[121]
Zoomerang Lake Compounce Boomerang 1997 Operating [15]
The Quest Emerald Park Family Boomerang Spirit 2024 Operating [122]
Zydeco Scream
Formerly Boomerang
Six Flags New Orleans
Parc de Montjuic
Boomerang 2000
1990
SBNO Since 2005
Closed 1998
[123]
Unknown Fantawild, Mudan Family Boomerang Rebound 2023 Under Construction [124]
Unknown Fantawild, Rencheng Family Boomerang Rebound 2023 Under Construction [125]
Unknown Fantawild, Liangyuan Family Boomerang Rebound 2023 Under Construction [126]
Unknown Oriental Heritage, Henan Family Boomerang Rebound 2024 Under Construction [127]
Unknown Oriental Heritage, Jiangxi Family Boomerang Rebound 2024 Under Construction [128]
Unknown Fantawild, Yunnan Family Boomerang Rebound 2024 Under Construction [129]
Unknown Fantawild, Jiangsu Family Boomerang Rebound 2024 Under Construction [130]
Unknown Warner Bros. Movie World (Double) Family Boomerang 2024 Under Construction [131]
Unknown
Formerly Déjà Vu
Mirabilandia
Six Flags Over Georgia
Giant Inverted Boomerang TBD
2001
In Storage
Closed 2007
[132][133]
THE FLASH: Vertical Velocity Six Flags Great Adventure Super Boomerang 2024 Under Construction [134]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Drayton Manor - New for 2011". Drayton Manor Theme park Limited. 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  2. ^ "Rollercoaster evacuated a week after opening". The Guardian. Press Association. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  3. ^ Wolber, Marcel; Carey, Kate (7 June 2016). "Phantasialand: Theme park opens new rides in time for summer holidays". General-Anzeiger Bonn (in German). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Cloud Shuttle - Fantawild Wonderland (Tongshan, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China)".
  5. ^ "Super Boomerang | Vekoma Rides Manufacturing BV".
  6. ^ Marden, Duane. "Accelerator  (Drayton Manor)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  7. ^ Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  8. ^ Marden, Duane. "Aftershock  (Silverwood Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  9. ^ Marden, Duane. "Anaconda  (Luna Park Tel Aviv)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  10. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bat  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  11. ^ Marden, Duane. " (Bellewaerde Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  12. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Elitch Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  13. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  14. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (E-World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  15. ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Zoomerang  (Lake Compounce)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  16. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Fantasilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  17. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Gero Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  18. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  19. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Parc des Combes)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  20. ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Búmeran  (Parque Diversiones)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  21. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Parque de la Costa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  22. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Jerudong Park Playground)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  23. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Siam Park City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  24. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  25. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Six Flags Mexico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  26. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Rafaela Padilla)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  27. ^ "Boomerang | New for 2013". Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  28. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  29. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Trans Studio Bali)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  30. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Pleasure Island Family Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  31. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Walygator Sud-Ouest)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  32. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Zygo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  33. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  34. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wild Adventures)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  35. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
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  37. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Tivoli Karolinelund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  38. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wuhan Zhongshan Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  39. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Yerevan Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  40. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Coast to Coaster  (Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  41. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Coast to Coaster  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  42. ^ "Knott's Berry Farm on Instagram: "Take your last ride on Boomerang during the Knott's #BoysenberryFestival before the coaster closes forever on April 23!"". Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
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  46. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Playcenter São Paulo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  47. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bumerang  (Tashkentland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
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  49. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (Walibi Belgium)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
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  52. ^ Marden, Duane. "FamilyBoomerang RollerCoaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  53. ^ "Fireball - Furuvik (Gävle, Gävleborg, Sweden)". rcdb.com. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
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  56. ^ Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  57. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Nanhu Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  58. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Great Escape)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  59. ^ Marden, Duane. "Carolina Cobra  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  60. ^ Marden, Duane. "Head Spin  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  61. ^ Marden, Duane. "Frontline Charge  (Fanta Park Glorious Orient)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  62. ^ Marden, Duane. "Frontline Charge  (Fanta Park Glorious Orient)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
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  67. ^ MacDonald, Brady (1 September 2011). "Six Flags unveils new attractions for every park in 2012". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
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  70. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jolly Rancher Remix  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  71. ^ Marden, Duane. "Light Explorers  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  72. ^ Marden, Duane. "London Loop  (Global Village)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  73. ^ Marden, Duane. "London Loop  (Global Village)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
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  75. ^ Marden, Duane. "Pine Tree Rocket  (Fantawild Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  76. ^ Marden, Duane. "Quantum Leap  (Sochi Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  77. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ragin' Cajun  (Dixie Landing')". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  78. ^ "Family-Boomerang RAIK". Phantasialand. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  79. ^ Marden, Duane. "Raik  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  80. ^ Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Bangalore)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  81. ^ Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Aladdin's Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  82. ^ Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Hyderabad)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  83. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zoomerang  (Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  84. ^ Marden, Duane. "Demon  (Wonderland Sydney Bangalore)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  85. ^ Marden, Duane. "Titan  (World Expo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  86. ^ Marden, Duane. "Colossus  (Habtoorland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  87. ^ Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Kochi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  88. ^ Marden, Duane. "Saven  (Fårup Sommerland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  89. ^ Marden, Duane. "Sea Serpent  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  90. ^ Marden, Duane. "Snow Slope  (Lusail Winter Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  91. ^ Marden, Duane. "Space Shuttle  (Enchanted Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  92. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (West Midland Safari Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  93. ^ Marden, Duane. "Spartan Race  (Vinwonders)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  94. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flying Dolphin Coaster  (Vinwonders)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  95. ^ Marden, Duane. "Speed of Sound  (Walibi Holland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  96. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stinger  (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  97. ^ "Exclusive Photos of the Deconstruction of Stinger at Dorney Park". 31 March 2018.
  98. ^ Marden, Duane. "Invertigo  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  99. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  100. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  101. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  102. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  103. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  104. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  105. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Asian Legend)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  106. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Silk Road Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  107. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stunt Fall  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  108. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tidal Wave  (Trimper's Rides)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  109. ^ Marden, Duane. "Triops  (Bagatelle)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  110. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Sommerland Syd)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  111. ^ Marden, Duane. "unknown  (Allou Fun Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  112. ^ Marden, Duane. "HangOver  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  113. ^ Marden, Duane. "Turbo Dino  (Zigong Fantawild Dinosaur Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  114. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tweestryd  (Wildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  115. ^ Marden, Duane. "Velociraptor  (Paulton's Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  116. ^ Marden, Duane. "Volldampf  (Erlebnispark Tripsdrill)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  117. ^ Marden, Duane. "Whirly Roller Coaster  (Floraland Continent Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  118. ^ Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Qingdao International Beer City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  119. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wipeout  (Pleasurewood Hills)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  120. ^ Marden, Duane. "Missile  (American Adventure Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  121. ^ Marden, Duane. "Coca-Cola Roller  (Glasgow Garden Festival)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  122. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Emerald Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  123. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zydeco Scream  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  124. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  125. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  126. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  127. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  128. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  129. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  130. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  131. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Warner Bros. Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  132. ^ Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  133. ^ Marden, Duane. "Sky Mountain  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  134. ^ "THE FLASH: Vertical Velocity". Six Flags Great Adventure. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
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