The Trojan Women (Ancient Greek: Τρῳάδες, romanized: Trōiades, lit. "The Female Trojans") is a tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides, produced in 415 BCE. Also translated as The Women of Troy, or as its transliterated Greek title Troades, The Trojan Women presents commentary on the costs of war through the lens of women and children.[1] The four central women of the play are the same that appear in the final book of the Iliad, lamenting over the corpse of Hector after the Trojan War.
| The Trojan Women | |
|---|---|
 An engraving of the death of Astyanax | |
| Written by | Euripides |
| Chorus | Trojan women |
| Characters | Hecuba Cassandra Andromache Talthybius Menelaus Helen Poseidon Athena |
| Place premiered | Athens |
| Original language | Ancient Greek |
| Genre | Tragedy |
| Setting | Near the walls of Troy |
Hecuba, another tragedy by Euripides, similarly deals with the experiences of women left behind by war and was more popular in antiquity.[2][3]
The tragedy has inspired many modern adaptation across film, literature, and the stage.
Historical background
editThe Trojan Women was written as a reaction to the Siege of Melos in 416 BCE during the Peloponnesian War, in which Athens invaded the Aegean island of Melos, destroyed its city, and slaughtered and enslaved its populace (see History of Milos).[4][5]
It is the third play in a tetralogy by Euripides, all drawn from the same source material: the Iliad. The other works in the tetralogy include the tragedies Alexandros and Palamedes, and the comedic satyr play Sisyphus, all of which are largely lost, and only fragments survive.[6] [7][8] The Trojan Women was performed for the first time in 415 BCE as part of this tetralogy at the City Dionysia festival in Athens.[9] Euripides won second place, losing to the obscure tragedian Xenocles.[10]
Plot
editHecuba: Alas! Alas! Alas! Ilion is ablaze; the fire consumes the citadel, the roofs of our city, the tops of the walls!
Chorus: Like smoke blown to heaven on the wings of the wind, our country, our conquered country, perishes. Its palaces are overrun by the fierce flames and the murderous spear.
Hecuba: O land that reared my children!
Euripides's play follows the fates of the women of Troy after their city has been sacked, their husbands killed, and their remaining families taken away as slaves. However, it begins first with the gods Athena and Poseidon discussing ways to punish the Greek armies because they condoned that Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra, the eldest daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, after dragging her from a statue of Athena. What follows shows how much the Trojan women have suffered as their grief is compounded when the Greeks dole out additional deaths and divide their shares of women. The Greek herald Talthybius arrives to tell the dethroned queen Hecuba what will befall her and her children. Hecuba will be taken away to the Greek general Odysseus, and Cassandra is destined to become the conquering general Agamemnon's concubine.
Cassandra, who can see the future, is morbidly delighted by this news: she sees that when they arrive in Argos, her new master's embittered wife Clytemnestra will kill both her and her new master. She sings a wedding song for herself and Agamemnon that describes their bloody deaths. However, Cassandra is also cursed so that her visions of the future are never believed, and she is carried off.
The widowed princess Andromache arrives and Hecuba learns from her that her youngest daughter, Polyxena, has been killed as a sacrifice at the tomb of the Greek warrior Achilles.
Andromache's lot is to be the concubine of Achilles' son Neoptolemus, and more horrible news for the royal family is yet to come: Talthybius reluctantly informs her that her baby son, Astyanax, has been condemned to die. The Greek leaders are afraid that the boy will grow up to avenge his father Hector, and rather than take this chance, they plan to throw him off from the battlements of Troy to his death.
Helen is supposed to suffer greatly as well: Menelaus arrives to take her back to Greece with him where a death sentence awaits her. Helen tries to convince Menelaus that Aphrodite was the cause of her betrayal and that she should not be punished, but Hecuba says that Helen is lying and has only ever been loyal to herself. While he remains resolved that he will slay her when they return to Greece, at the end of the play it is revealed that she is still alive; moreover, the audience knows from Telemachus' visit to Sparta in Homer's Odyssey that Menelaus continued to live with Helen as his wife after the Trojan War.
In the end, Talthybius returns, carrying with him the body of little Astyanax on Hector's shield. Andromache's wish had been to bury her child herself, performing the proper rituals according to Trojan ways, but her ship had already departed. Talthybius gives the corpse to Hecuba, who prepares the body of her grandson for burial before they are finally taken off with Odysseus.
Throughout the play, many of the Trojan women lament the loss of the land that reared them. Hecuba in particular lets it be known that Troy had been her home for her entire life, only to see herself as an old grandmother watching the burning of Troy, the death of her husband, her children, and her grandchildren before she will be taken as a slave to Odysseus.
Themes and significance
editHecuba: O my dear child, it is not the same to be alive and dead. The one is nothing but in the other there is hope. Andromache: Mother, listen to my argument, a powerful one, that I offer as a comfort to your heart. I say that never to have been is the same as death, but to die is better than to live in grief.
The Trojan Women presents an anti-war narrative as it highlights the postwar experiences of the women left behind after the Trojan War. The women of Troy experience grief and suffering over the loss of their husbands and children. The tragedy also calls attention to how women were treated as commodities in antiquity by showing how they were divided among the remaining men as spoils of war. The character of Cassandra demonstrates how women were not listened to or taken seriously, but rather, seen as hysterical and irrational.[11][12]
Euripides' social commentary on the costs of war The Trojan Women has left a lasting legacy. Many of its themes still resonate with the public today, inspiring modern adaptations.
Modern treatments and adaptations
editFilm
editThe Mexican film Las Troyanas (1963) directed by Sergio Véjar, adapted by writer Miguel Angel Garibay and Véjar, is faithful to the Greek text and setting.[citation needed]
Cypriot-Greek director Michael Cacoyannis used Euripides' play (in the famous Edith Hamilton translation) as the basis for his 1971 film The Trojan Women. The movie starred American actress Katharine Hepburn as Hecuba, British actors Vanessa Redgrave and Brian Blessed as Andromache and Talthybius, French-Canadian actress Geneviève Bujold as Cassandra, Greek actress Irene Papas as Helen, and Northern Ireland-born Patrick Magee as Menelaus.[citation needed]
Novel
editSheri Tepper wove The Trojan Women into her 1988 feminist science fiction novel The Gate to Women's Country.[citation needed]
Stage
editA 1905 stage version, translated by Gilbert Murray, starred Gertrude Kingston as Helen and Ada Ferrar as Athena at the Royal Court Theatre in London.[13]
The French public intellectual Jean-Paul Sartre wrote a version of The Trojan Women (Les Troyennes) in 1965.[citation needed]
Israeli playwright Hanoch Levin (1943–1999) wrote his own version of the play, The Lost Women of Troy, adding more disturbing scenes and scatological details.[citation needed]
In 1974, Ellen Stewart, founder of La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in New York City, presented The Trojan Women as the last fragment of a trilogy (which included Medea and Electra). With staging by Romanian-born theatre director Andrei Serban and music by American composer Elizabeth Swados, this production went on to tour more than 30 countries over the course of 40 years. Since 2014, The Trojan Women Project has been sharing this production[when?] with diverse communities that now[when?] include Guatemala, Cambodia and Kosovo.[citation needed]
Charles L. Mee adapted The Trojan Women in 1994 to have a more modern, updated outlook on war. He included original interviews with Holocaust and Hiroshima survivors. His play is called Trojan Women: A Love Story.[citation needed]
In 2000, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival produced the play in modern costumes and props, with the Greek soldiers wearing camouflage and carrying assault rifles.[14]
David Stuttard’s 2001 adaptation, Trojan Women,[15] written in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, toured widely within the UK and was staged internationally. In an attempt to reposition The Trojan Women as the third play of a trilogy, Stuttard then reconstructed Euripides' lost Alexandros and Palamedes (in 2005 and 2006 respectively), to form a "Trojan Trilogy", which was performed in readings at the British Museum and Tristan Bates Theatre (2007), and Europe House (2012) in London. He also wrote a version of the satyr play Sisyphus (2008) to round off Euripides' original trilogy.[16]
Femi Osofisan's 2004 play Women of Owu sets the story in 1821, after the conquest of the Owu kingdom by a coalition of other West African states. Although it is set in 19th century Africa, Osofisan has said that the play was also inspired by the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S.-led coalition.[17]
Brad Mays directed a multimedia production for the ARK Theatre Company in Los Angeles in 2003. The play opened with a faux CNN TV news report intended to echo the then-current war in Iraq.[18] A documentary film was made of the production, released in 2004.[19]
The Women of Troy, directed by Katie Mitchell, was performed at the National Theatre in London in 2007/08. The cast included Kate Duchêne as Hecuba, Sinead Matthews as Cassandra and Anastasia Hille as Andromache.[citation needed]
The Trojan Women, directed by Marti Maraden, was performed at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival at the Tom Patterson Theatre in Stratford, Ontario, Canada, from 14 May to 5 October 2008 with Canadian actress Martha Henry as Hecuba.[citation needed]
Christine Evans reworked and modernised the Trojan Women story in her 2009 play Trojan Barbie. Trojan Barbie is a postmodern updating, which blends the modern and ancient worlds, as contemporary London doll repair shop owner Lotte is pulled into a Trojan women's prison camp that is located in both ancient Troy and the modern Middle East.[20]
In 2011, Anne Bogart's SITI Company premiered Trojan Women (After Euripides) at Getty Villa before touring the production.[citation needed]
In 2016, Zoe Lafferty's version of the play, Queens of Syria, in Arabic with English subtitles, was put on by the Young Vic before touring Britain.[21]
In 2021, Anne Carson, the experimental poet, translator, and classicist, published her translation as Trojan Women: A Comic with illustrations by Rosanna Bruno, a portion of which was excerpted earlier that year in the 236th issue of the Paris Review.[22] Carson's vision was realised by Bruno to stage the production of a tragedy in the form of a "comic," or graphic novel with the characters cast as uncanny figures, such as Hekabe as an old, once-regal dog, the goddess Athena as a pair of overalls wearing an owl mask, and the murdered baby Astyanax (last heir to the Trojan throne) as a poplar tree sapling.[citation needed]
In March 2023 a production of Women of Troy directed by Ben Winspear and starring his wife actor-producer Marta Dusseldorp was staged at the 10 Days on the Island festival in Tasmania, Australia. Poetry by Iranian-Kurdish refugee Behrouz Boochani, who was for many years detained by the Australian Government in Manus Island detention centre, was set to music composed by Katie Noonan and performed by a chorus of Tasmanian women and girls, interspersed with the text of the play.[23]
Translations
edit| Translator | Year | Style | Full text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robert Potter | 1781 | Verse | [2] |
| Edward Philip Coleridge | 1891 | Prose | Wikisource, [3] |
| Gilbert Murray | 1911 | Verse | [4] |
| Arthur Way | 1912 | Verse | [5] |
| Moses Hadas and John McLean | 1936 | Prose | |
| Edith Hamilton | 1937 | Verse | |
| Richmond Lattimore | 1947 | Verse | available for digital loan |
| Isabelle Raubitschek and Anthony E. Raubitschek | 1954 | Prose | |
| Philip Vellacott | 1954 | Prose and verse | |
| Gwendolyn MacEwen | 1981 | Prose | |
| Shirley A. Barlow | 1986 | Prose | |
| Don Taylor | 1990 | Prose and verse | |
| David Kovacs | 1999 | Prose | |
| James Morwood | 2000 | Prose | |
| Howard Rubenstein | 2002 | Verse | |
| Ellen McLaughlin | 2005 | Prose | |
| George Theodoridis | 2008 | Prose | [6] |
| Alan Shapiro | 2009 | Prose | |
| Emily Wilson | 2016 | Verse | |
| Anne Carson | 2021 | Comic Book, verse | Euripides' Trojan Women: A Comic, with illustrations by Rosanna Bruno |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "The Trojan Women". public.wsu.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ "4. The Captive Woman's Lament and Her Revenge in Euripides' Hecuba". The Center for Hellenic Studies. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ 1. Griffith 2. Most, 1. Mark 2. Glenn (2013). "The Trojan Women: Introduction" (PDF). Berkeley Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ See Croally 2007.
- ^ "The Trojan Women". public.wsu.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ "Review of: Euripides, Alexandros: Introduction, Text and Commentary. Texte und Kommentare, 57". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
- ^ UCL (15 November 2018). "Euripides, Trojan Women". Department of Greek & Latin. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ 1. Griffith 2. Most, 1. Mark 2. Glenn (2013). "The Trojan Women: Introduction" (PDF). Berkeley Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Johnston, Ian (March 2022). Euripides The Trojan Women 415 BC. pp. Introductory Note.
- ^ Claudius Aelianus: Varia Historia 2.8. (page may cause problems with Internet Explorer)
- ^ "Who is Cassandra? | Operavision". operavision.eu. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Euripides and Feminism". www.classicsnetwork.com. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ [1] MacCarthy, Desmond The Court Theatre, 1904-1907; a Commentary and Criticism
- ^ "The Trojan Women". Oregon Shakespeare Festival. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
- ^ Stuttard, David, An Introduction to Trojan Women (Brighton 2005)
- ^ "David Stuttard reconstructing Euripides' Trojan trilogy". Open University. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ Osofisan, Femi (2006). Women of Owu. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press PLC. p. vii. ISBN 978-069-026-3.
- ^ "Gallery: Trojan Women". Brad Mays. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Winkler, Martin M. (12 July 2006). Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic. Wiley. ISBN 9781405131834. Retrieved 13 April 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ ""Trojan Barbie: A Car-Crash Encounter with Euripides' 'Trojan Women'" by newest faculty member Christine Evans". Department of Performing Arts. Georgetown University. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ Masters, Tim (6 July 2016). "Queens of Syria gives modern twist to ancient tale". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ^ "From Euripides' "The Trojan Women"". The Paris Review.
- ^ Ross, Selina (5 March 2023). "Former detainee and advocate Behrouz Boochani brings new life to an ancient play". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
References
edit- Croally, Neil (2007). Euripidean Polemic: The Trojan Women and the Function of Tragedy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04112-0
Additional resources
edit- Mortal Women of the Trojan War, information on each of the Trojan women
- Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
External links
edit
Works related to The Trojan Women at Wikisource
Media related to The Trojan Women at Wikimedia Commons
The Trojan Women public domain audiobook at LibriVox
