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Data (word)

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The word data is most often used as a singular collective mass noun in educated everyday usage.[1][2] However, due to the history and etymology of the word, considerable controversy has existed on whether it should be considered a mass noun used with verbs conjugated in the singular, or should be treated as the plural of the now-rarely-used datum.

Usage in English

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In one sense, data is the plural form of datum. Datum actually can also be a count noun with the plural datums (see usage in datum article) that can be used with cardinal numbers (e.g., "80 datums"); data (originally a Latin plural) is not used like a normal count noun with cardinal numbers and can be plural with plural determiners such as these and many, or it can be used as a mass noun with a verb in the singular form.[3] Even when a very small quantity of data is referenced (one number, for example), the phrase piece of data is often used, as opposed to datum. The debate over appropriate usage continues,[4][5][6] but "data" as a singular form is far more common.[7]

In English, the word datum is still used in the general sense of "an item given". In cartography, geography, nuclear magnetic resonance and technical drawing, it is often used to refer to a single specific reference datum from which distances to all other data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum, though data point is now far more common.[8]

Data is indeed most often used as a singular mass noun in educated everyday usage.[9][10] Some major newspapers, such as The New York Times, use it either in the singular or plural. In The New York Times, the phrases "the survey data are still being analyzed" and "the first year for which data is available" have appeared within one day.[11] The Wall Street Journal explicitly allows this usage in its style guide.[12] The Associated Press style guide classifies data as a collective noun that takes the singular when treated as a unit but the plural when referring to individual items (e.g., "The data is sound" and "The data have been carefully collected").[13]

In scientific writing, data is often treated as a plural, as in These data do not support the conclusions, but the word is also used as a singular mass entity like information (e.g., in computing and related disciplines).[14] British usage now widely accepts treating data as singular in standard English,[15] including everyday newspaper usage[16] at least in non-scientific use.[17] UK scientific publishing still prefers treating it as a plural.[18] Some UK university style guides recommend using data for both singular and plural use,[19] and others recommend treating it only as a singular in connection with computers.[20] The IEEE Computer Society allows usage of data as either a mass noun or plural based on author preference,[21] while IEEE in the editorial style manual indicates to always use the plural form.[22] Some professional organizations and style guides[23] require that authors treat data as a plural noun. For example, the Air Force Flight Test Center once stated that the word data is always plural, never singular.[24][full citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999
  2. ^ "...in educated everyday usage as represented by the Guardian newspaper, it is nowadays most often used as a singular." http://www.lexically.net/TimJohns/Kibbitzer/revis006.htm
  3. ^ "data, datum". Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2002. pp. 317–318. ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4.
  4. ^ "Data is a singular noun".
  5. ^ "Grammarist: Data". 2 February 2011.
  6. ^ "Dictionary.com Data".
  7. ^ "Elitist, Superfluous, Or Popular? We Polled Americans on the Oxford Comma". FiveThirtyEight. 17 June 2014.
  8. ^ Matt Dye (2001). "Writing Reports". University of Bristol.
  9. ^ New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999
  10. ^ "...in educated everyday usage as represented by the Guardian newspaper, it is nowadays most often used as a singular." http://www.lexically.net/TimJohns/Kibbitzer/revis006.htm
  11. ^ "When Serving the Lord, Ministers Are Often Found to Neglect Themselves". The New York Times. 2009."Investment Tax Cuts Help Mostly the Rich". The New York Times. 2009.
  12. ^ "Is Data Is, or Is Data Ain't, a Plural?". The Wall Street Journal. 2012.
  13. ^ Norm Goldstein, ed. (June 2002). "collective nouns". Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus. p. 52. ISBN 0-7382-0740-3 – via Associated Press.
  14. ^ R.W. Burchfield, ed. (1996). "data". Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 0-19-869126-2.
  15. ^ New Oxford Dictionary of English. 1999.
  16. ^ Tim Johns (1997). "Data: singular or plural?". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. ...in educated everyday usage as represented by The Guardian newspaper, it is nowadays most often used as a singular.
  17. ^ "Data". Compact Oxford Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  18. ^ "Data: singular or plural?". Blair Wisconsin International University. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009.
  19. ^ "Singular or plural". University of Nottingham Style Book. University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010.
  20. ^ "An introduction to data and information". OpenLearn. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  21. ^ "IEEE Computer Society Style Guide, DEF" (PDF). IEEE Computer Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
  22. ^ "IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL, DEF" (PDF). IEEE Periodicals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
  23. ^ "WHO Style Guide" (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2010.
  24. ^ The Author's Guide to Writing Air Force Flight Test Center Technical Reports. Air Force Flight Test Center.
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