The Third Swedish Crusade to Finland was a Swedish military expedition against the pagan Karelians from 1293 to 1295 in which the Swedes successfully expanded their borders eastwards and gained further control of their lands in Finland.
| Third Swedish Crusade | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Northern Crusades and the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars | |||||||||
_c_1322.jpg) Birger Magnusson, the Swedish king at the time of the Crusade. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Sweden |
Novgorod Pagan Karelians | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Birger Magnusson Torkel Knutsson Sigge Lake † Bishop Petrus[1] | Roman Glebovich | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
Background
editIt followed the possibly mythical First Crusade and the Second Crusade to Finland. Viborg Castle was established in 1293 on the site of a destroyed Karelian fort as the easternmost outpost of the medieval Kingdom of Sweden.[2] After the crusade Western Karelia remained under Swedish rule until the Treaty of Nystad in 1721.[3]
The name of the expedition is largely anachronic, and it was a part of the Northern Crusades. According to Erik's Chronicle (Erikskrönikan) the reason behind the expedition was pagan intrusions into Christian territories. According to Erik's Chronicle, the Swedes conquered 14 hundreds from the Karelians.[4]
Karelians had also been engaged in a destructive expedition to Sweden in 1257 which led Valdemar, King of Sweden (1250–1275) to request Pope Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them, which he agreed.[5]
Birger Magnusson, King of Sweden (1290 to 1318), stated in a letter of 4 March 1295 that the motive of the crusade was long-time banditry and looting in the Baltic Sea region by Karelians, and the fact that they had taken Swedes and other travellers as captives and then tortured them.[6]
1293
editIn the spring, a large fleet sailed to Finland under the command of Torkel Knutsson. Their goal was to move Sweden's border further east.[7] The timing was well chosen, since the Tatars had been attacking both Russia and Novgorod.
The target of the Swedish attack was the harbour and marketplace at Suomenvedenpohja, later known as Vyborg.[8][7] The place is located at the western outlet of the Vouksen, a now-dried arm, and is the key to the West Karelians' trade and exchange with the outside world, even before the arrival of the Swedes there was an older Karelian fortification there. A Swedish hegemony over the place would mean that Sweden and the Catholic Church's control over West Karelia would be secured
This campaign is not particularly well described in the chronicles. The Swedes set up a stronghold at Suomenvedenpohja, under apparently peaceful circumstances.[7] There are indications that the Swedish side was also building a new stronghold at Ladoga, at the place where today's Taipale is located. The mount is named Korela, but it would not remain for much longer. In 1310, the Novgorodians built a fortified settlement on the foundation of Korela.
The Swedish army sailed home in the autumn and left a garrison in the new stronghold. We do not know who Viborg's first chieftain was, but the Rim chronicle says that he "dared to see an angry heathen in his sight", which probably means that he was a brave man.[7]
1294
edit
Siege of Viborg
editIn March 1294, the Novgorodian troops led by Roman Glebovitj[9][10] reached Viborg and quickly moved against one of the towers in the fortress, they put six large trebuchets which in turn threw boulders against the walls, and quickly organized for an assault across the ice against the fortress.[11][10] The Novgorodians led the assault against Viborg on 30 March, but the weather saved the Swedes, as a mild and warm wind came from the south-west which partly melted the ice and broke it, which made an assault impossible without boats.[11][10]
It is likely that within the defenders there were praises to Saint Olaf and Saint Mary, the Swedes saw the weather changes as the saints confirming Viborg as being Swedish.[11] According to the chronicle, one of the commanders named Ivan Klekatjevitch died. After the failed assault, the Novgorodians were forced to retreat.[12][13]
Swedish counterattack
editLater in the spring, a fleet arrived from Sweden and soon they went on the offensive. Now the goal was Kexholm. If the Swedes were able to settle there well, the Ladoga Karel would also fall under Swedish control. After an assault, Kexholm was conquered and the Swedes established a garrison in the fortress under the command of Sigge Lake.[14][7] The main part of the army would then return to Viborg and then Sweden.
1295
editThe attack on Kexholm was a killing blow against Novgorod, it is likely that the garrison that the Swedes defeated in 1294 consisted of Novgorodians and the ties between Ladoga Karelia and Novgorod are stronger than those between West Karelia and Novgorod.
Before the ice conditions allowed for Swedish reinforcements, an army from Novgorod besieged Kexholm. In the fortress, supplies quickly ran out, and when starvation became too severe, the garrison made a desperate attempt to break through the Novgorodian lines in which during the beginning the Swedes were victorious,[15][16] but due to their exhaustion the defenders quickly fell along with their commander, Sigge Lake.[17][16] Only two Swedes managed to escape with the others being killed or captured.[16][7]
The news of the defeat at Kexholm probably did not create any major panic in Sweden. They were very satisfied with the previous years' successes in the east, which had radically strengthened Swedish self-esteem. However, the limit had not yet been reached for the Swedish expansion to the east and almost 30 years of war would be fought.[7] The war would be waged with varying intensity. No source tells us anything about war events along Finland's eastern border during the period 1296 to 1299. It may therefore be reasonable to assume that the fighting is down to the year 1300, when it begins again in full force.
Aftermath
editThe Crusade led by Torkel Knutsson led to the Swedish border in Finland being extended further eastwards, with the Karelians defeated they began paying taxes to the Swedes and were Christianized.[14]
The Swedish Regent in 1300 sent another army that built a fortress called Landskrona on an island in the Neva River. The Swedes initially repelled a siege of the fortress but after leaving a garrison behind it was seized by an army from Novgorod in the following year and razed.[16][18]
List of battles
edit- Siege of Viborg - Swedish victory
- Assault on Kexholm - Swedish victory
- Siege of Kexholm - Novgorodian victory
References
edit- ^ Cornelius, Karl Alfred (1892). "Handbok i svenska kyrkans historia".
- ^ Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka (1990). Ancient Hillforts of Finland. Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja. p. 240.
- ^ "Viborg". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ Sven-Bertil Jansson. "Erikskrönikan". litteraturbanken.se. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ Ulf Sundberg. "Valdemar Birgersson, 1250–1275". Pennan & Svärdet. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ S. Tunberg. "Birger". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sundberg, Ulf (1999). Medeltidens Svenska krig (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. pp. 99–101. ISBN 9189080262.
- ^ Cornelius, Karl Alfred (1892). Handbok i svenska kyrkans historia (in Swedish). W. Schultz.
- ^ "BLF". www.blf.fi. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ a b c Sundberg, Ulf (1999). Medeltidens Svenska krig (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. pp. 99–101. ISBN 9189080262.
- ^ a b c Chrispinsson, John (2011-11-28). Den glömda historien : om svenska öden och äventyr i öster under tusen år (in Swedish). Norstedts. ISBN 978-91-1-304374-6.
- ^ "Svenska - Uppslagsverket Finland". uppslagsverket.fi. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ Sjögren, Otto (1923). Sveriges historia fran äldsta tider till våra dagar för Svenska folket: av Otto Sjögren. 2. omarb. och tillokade uppl (in Swedish). Fröléen.
- ^ a b Geijer, Erik Gustaf (1832). Svenska folkets historia (in Swedish). N.M. Lindhs Boktryckeri.
- ^ Morris, Charles. Historic Tales, The Romance of Reality: American, Spanish American, English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Scandinavian, Greek, Roman, Japanese and Chinese, King Arthur (Complete). Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-0730-3.
- ^ a b c d Fryxell, Anders (1844). The History of Sweden. R. Bentley.
- ^ Lindeberg, Anders (1818). Svensk biografi (in Swedish). O. Grahn.
- ^ Harrison, Dick (2005). Gud vill det! Nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden, Ordfront.
Other sources
edit- Linna Martti, ed. (1989) Suomen Varhaiskeskiajan Lähteitä (Historian Ystäväin liitto ry) ISBN 9789519600611,