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Tommy Lucchese

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Thomas Gaetano Lucchese[1] (born Gaetano Lucchese; Italian: [ɡaeˈtaːno lukˈkeːse]; December 1, 1899 – July 13, 1967), sometimes known by the nicknames "Tommy", "Thomas Luckese", "Tommy Brown" or "Tommy Three-Finger Brown", was an Italian-American gangster and founding member of the Mafia in the United States, an offshoot of the Cosa Nostra in Sicily. From 1951 until 1967, he was the boss of the Lucchese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime in New York City.

Tommy Lucchese
Thomas "Don" Lucchese, July 1958
Born
Gaetano Lucchese

(1899-12-01)December 1, 1899
Palermo, Sicily, Kingdom of Italy
DiedJuly 13, 1967(1967-07-13) (aged 67)
Lido Beach, New York, U.S.
Resting placeCalvary Cemetery, Queens, New York, U.S.
NationalityItalian
Other namesThomas Luckese, Tommy Brown, Tommy Three-Finger Brown, Thomas Arra
CitizenshipAmerican
OccupationCrime boss
PredecessorTommy Gagliano
SuccessorCarmine Tramunti
SpouseCatherine Lucchese
Children2
RelativesJoseph Lucchese (brother)
Thomas Gambino (son-in-law)
Carlo Gambino (co-father-in-law)
AllegianceLucchese crime family

Early life

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Gaetano Lucchese was born on December 1, 1899, to Baldassarre and Francesca Lucchese in Palermo, Sicily.[2] The surname "Lucchese" suggests family origins from the Sicilian city of Lucca Sicula. In early 1911, the Lucchese family emigrated to the United States,[3] settling in Manhattan's Italian neighborhood of East Harlem.[4][5] The family first lived in a building at 213 East 106th Street before moving to 316 East 118th Street; both buildings were in the Italian East Harlem neighborhood.[6]

Lucchese's father worked hauling cement. As a teen Lucchese worked in a machine shop until 1915, when an industrial accident amputated his right thumb and forefinger.[7][8][9] In the early 1930s, Lucchese along with his family moved to an apartment at 100-18 Northern Boulevard in Corona, Queens, the area known as the “Little Italy of Queens".[6]

Lucchese was 5 feet 4 inches (162.56 cm).[6] He had three brothers Joseph, Vincent (Jimmy,) and Anthony (Nino) who all followed him into a life of organized crime.[6] In 1943, Lucchese became a naturalized citizen of United States.[6]

Lucchese married Catherine and they had two children, Frances and Baldesare. The family lived at 104 Parsons Blvd in Malba, Queens before moving in 1950 to 74 Royat Street in Lido Beach, Long Island.[10] Lucchese's daughter, Frances would marry Tommy Gambino, the son of Carlo Gambino, the boss of the Gambino crime family, which formed a strong bond between the two crime families.[6]

107th Street gang

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Lucchese mugshot during early 1920s

After his accident, Lucchese spent more time with members of the 107th Street gang. Members of the gang stole wallets, burglarized stores, and engaged in other illegal activities. The 107th Street gang operated under the protection of Bronx-East Harlem family boss Gaetano "Tom" Reina. By the age of eighteen, Lucchese had started a window washing company in East Harlem; anyone refusing to use his window washing services would have their windows broken.[5][8] Lucchese sometimes operated out of a political club off East 106th Street in East Harlem.[6] By the early 1920s, Lucchese had become a strong ally of fellow mobster Charlie "Lucky" Luciano and became a top member of Gaetano Reina's crime family.[8]

During Lucchese's criminal career he was only arrested six times; his first arrest was in 1920 and the last in 1935. He never served a lengthy prison sentence.[6]

In 1920, Lucchese was arrested in Riverhead, Long Island, on grand larceny charges after stealing a car.[6] During his booking, a police officer compared Lucchese's deformed hand with that of Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown, a popular Major League Baseball pitcher.[11] The officer nicknamed Lucchese "Three Finger Brown", an alias that Lucchese always disliked.[7] In January 1921, Lucchese was convicted[12] of auto theft and sentenced on March 27, 1922 to three years and nine months in prison.[3] Lucchese served thirteen months at Sing Sing Correctional Facility before he was paroled.[5] It would be Lucchese's only conviction.[8][9]

Lucchese was released from prison in 1923, three years into prohibition. His old friends Charlie Luciano, Frank Costello, and Meyer Lansky had become partners with Jewish gangster Arnold "the Brain" Rothstein selling bootleg alcohol.

In August 1927, Lucchese was arrested under the alias of "Thomas Arra" and charged with receiving stolen goods.[9][12] On July 18, 1928, Lucchese was arrested along with his brother-in-law, Joseph "Joe Palisades" Rosato, for the murder of Louis Cerasuolo; the charges were later dropped.[7][9][12] Lucchese was arrested on three other occasions in his lifetime: in 1930 for murder, in 1931 for an investigation, and in 1935 for vagrancy, but in all three arrests he was released and all charges were dropped.[6]

Castellammarese War

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In early 1931, the Castellammarese War broke out between Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command.[13] On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island.[14][13] While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel;[15] Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel.[16][17][18] Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss.

In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano after Lucchese had previously alerted Luciano that he was marked for death, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first.[13] On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people to Maranzano's office. They had been secured with the aid of Lansky and Siegel.[19][20]

In the aftermath of Maranzano's murder Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime.[21] The old structure, in which first Masseria and then Maranzano claimed to be boss of all bosses in New York City was abandoned in favor of recognition of five crime families or borgatas, each operating in particular areas and activities, with Luciano the first among equals.

Underboss to Gagliano

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Lucchese mugshot on November 18, 1935 arrested for vagrancy

Due to Luciano's reforms, the New York City underworld entered a long period of peace. Tommy Gagliano had risen to leadership of the Reina family with the assassination of Gaetano Reina at the outset of the Castellammarese War and retained that position after Luciano's ascension. From 1932 onward, Gagliano kept a very low profile; almost nothing is known about him from then onward. He preferred to issue his orders through close allies, particularly Lucchese, who was his underboss and the family's public face. In 1946, Lucchese attended the mob's Havana Conference in Cuba as Gagliano's representative.

Luciano's predominance on the Commission did not last; after his conviction on compulsory prostitution charges in 1936 and his deportation in 1946, power struggles within his own crime family and between the five families came to the fore. Gagliano was at a disadvantage in these conflicts, being outnumbered in the Commission by an alliance of the Bonanno, Magaddino, Profaci and Mangano families.

During his years as underboss Lucchese formed an alliance with Louis Buchalter and together they controlled many of the largest locals of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in the garment district.[22] The Gagliano family also dominated unions in the trucking, construction and food industries and had undisclosed ownership interests in several Manhattan nightclubs.

Boss of the family

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In 1951, Gagliano died of natural causes. As underboss and de facto street boss for two decades, Lucchese was the obvious successor, and the family was quickly renamed the Lucchese crime family. Lucchese appointed mobsters Stafano LaSalle as underboss and Vincenzo Rao as consigliere. That same year, Lucchese formed an alliance with Luciano crime family underboss Vito Genovese and Anastasia crime family underboss Carlo Gambino with the long-term goal of gaining control of the Commission.

Lucchese became one of the most well-respected Cosa Nostra bosses of the Post-War era. He maintained close relationships with New York City politicians, including Mayors William O'Dwyer and Vincent Impellitteri. Lucchese concentrated on the core Cosa Nostra values of making money, keeping a low public profile, and avoiding criminal prosecution. The Lucchese family came to dominate Manhattan's garment district and the related trucking industry by gaining control of key unions and trade associations.

During the 1950s, Lucchese controlled a narcotic trafficking network with Santo Trafficante Jr., the boss of the Tampa crime family.[23] Lucchese had maintained a longtime alliance with Trafficante Jr.'s father Santo Trafficante Sr., the former boss of the Tampa mafia family and during the 1940s, helped train Trafficante Jr., in the mafia traditions.[23] Trafficante Jr. would frequently meet with Lucchese in New York City for dinner.[23]

Alliance with Gambino and Genovese

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On January 25, 1943, Lucchese became a naturalized United States citizen in Newark, New Jersey.[2][3] On November 17, 1952, U.S. Attorney General James P. McGranery initiated denaturalization proceedings against Lucchese. In its filing, the government claimed that Lucchese did not reveal his entire arrest record when applying for citizenship.[3]

In 1957, Lucchese and his allies decided to attack the bosses of the Luciano and Anastasia crime families to gain Commission control. On May 3, 1957, gunman Vincent Gigante wounded Luciano's street boss Frank Costello. Shaken by the assassination attempt, Costello soon retired, leaving Genovese as boss.[24] On October 25, 1957, Albert Anastasia was assassinated in a hotel barbershop and Carlo Gambino became the boss of the Anastasia (renamed Gambino) family.[25]

In 1957, Genovese called a national mob meeting to legitimize his control of the Luciano family. The meeting was held at rural home of mobster Joseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara in Apalachin, New York. On November 14, 1957, the New York State Police raided the meeting and arrested 61 fleeing gangsters.[26] Lucchese had not yet arrived in Apalachin and therefore avoided arrest. However, his consigliere Vincenzo Rao, Gambino, Genovese and other mob leaders were detained.

Genovese's humiliation motivated the new alliance of Luciano, Costello, Lansky, Gambino and Lucchese to set up Genovese's later elimination. Two years later, with the help of the alliance, Genovese was arrested on narcotics trafficking charges. Genovese was convicted and sent to prison, where he died in 1969.[26] With the alliance backing him, Gambino now controlled the Commission.

On April 8, 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the 1952 denaturalization ruling against Lucchese on a legal technicality. However, the next day, U.S. Attorney General William P. Rogers brought a new case against Lucchese.[27]

Lucchese and Gambino

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In 1962, Carlo Gambino's oldest son, Thomas Gambino, married Lucchese's daughter Frances.[28] Over 1,000 guests attended the wedding, at which Carlo Gambino presented Lucchese with a $30,000 gift. In return, Lucchese gave Gambino a part of his rackets at Idlewild Airport (now called John F. Kennedy Airport).[29] Lucchese exercised control over airport management security and all the airport unions. As a team, Lucchese and Gambino now controlled the airport, the Commission, and most organized crime in New York City.[30][31][32]

Commission plot

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In 1963, Joseph Magliocco and Bonanno boss Joseph Bonanno hatched an audacious plan to murder Commission bosses Carlo Gambino, Lucchese, and Stefano Magaddino, as well as Frank DeSimone, and take over the Mafia Commission.[33] Joseph Magliocco gave the murder contract to Joseph Colombo. Colombo either feared for his life, or sensed an opportunity for advancement, and instead reported the plot to The Commission. The Commission, realizing that Bonanno was the real mastermind, ordered both Magliocco and Bonanno to explain. Bonanno went into hiding in Montreal, but a badly shaken Magliocco appeared and confessed everything; he was fined $50,000 and forced into retirement.[33]

Death and burial

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Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal

On July 13, 1967, Lucchese died of a brain tumor at his home in the Lido Beach area of Long Island. The funeral service was held at Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Church in Point Lookout, New York. Lucchese is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York. Over 1,000 mourners, including politicians, judges, policemen, racketeers, drug pushers, pimps, and hitmen attended the ceremony. Undercover policemen photographed the attendees.[34] At the time of his death, he had not spent a day in prison in 44 years.

Lucchese's first choice as a successor had been Antonio "Tony Ducks" Corallo, but Corallo was in prison when Lucchese died. Lucchese's second choice, Ettore Coco, was also in legal trouble and served a short time as boss. Another possible candidate was consigliere Vincenzo Rao, but he too was dealing with criminal charges. The Commission finally selected capo Carmine Tramunti as temporary acting boss until Corallo was released from prison.

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'". The New York Times. July 14, 1967. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana (2009) pg.510
  3. ^ a b c d Feinberg, Alexander (November 18, 1952). "M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  4. ^ Harrell (2009) pg. 99-101
  5. ^ a b c Volkman (1998) pg. 8-37
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss". The New York Mafia. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Hunt, Thomas. "White-Collar Mafioso: Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967)". 2007. The American Mafia.com
  8. ^ a b c d Biography Channel. Tommy Lucchese Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b c d United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. "Investigation of improper activities in the labor or management field". Testimony of Thomas Lucchese, Accompanied by Counsel, Richard J. Burke. (July 1958) Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Boston Public Library
  10. ^ Lucania, Salvatore. "Tommy Lucchese's home -1952- 104 Parsons Blvd Queens NY". Gangsters Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  11. ^ Ragano, Raab (1994) pg. 219
  12. ^ a b c United States of America v. Gaetano Lucchese (247 F.2d 123) Archived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit (Docket #24424) Argued March 15, 1957 — Decided June 17, 1957 Justia.com (US Law)
  13. ^ a b c Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press, 2005. ISBN 0-312-30094-8
  14. ^ "Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery" (PDF). New York Times. April 16, 1931. Retrieved November 23, 2011. It took ten years and a lot of shooting to kill Giuseppe Masseria—he was Joe the Boss to the underworld—but his enemies found him with his back turned yesterday in a little Italian restaurant in Coney Island, and when they walked out into
  15. ^ Pollak, Michael (June 29, 2012). "Coney Island's Big Hit". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  16. ^ Sifakis, (2005). pp. 87–88
  17. ^ Martin A. Gosch; Richard Hammer; Lucky Luciano (1975). The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano. Little, Brown. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-316-32140-2.
  18. ^ Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York, N.Y.: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7.
  19. ^ "Lucky Luciano: Criminal Mastermind," Time, Dec. 7, 1998
  20. ^ Cohen, Rich (1999). Tough Jews (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-375-70547-3.
  21. ^ "The Commission's Origins". The New York Times. 1986. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  22. ^ Ryan, p.118
  23. ^ a b c Raab, Selwyn (4 October 2016). Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781250101709. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  24. ^ "Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes" (PDF). New York Times. May 3, 1957. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  25. ^ Dunlap, David W. (October 25, 2007). "Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  26. ^ a b Grutzner, Charles (February 16, 1959). "Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  27. ^ "Attorney General Acts" (PDF). New York Times. April 9, 1958. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  28. ^ The Gambino Crime Family — A Squirrel of a Man — Crime Library on truTV.com Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Raab, Selwyn (March 20, 1990). "Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Sullivanfirst=Ronald (February 5, 1992). "Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says". The New York Times.
  31. ^ Barron, James (December 2, 1992). "Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name". The New York Times.
  32. ^ "Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges". New York Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009.
  33. ^ a b Staff (September 1, 1967) "The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost" Life p.15-21
  34. ^ Clines, Francis X. (July 16, 1967). "L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed". New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012. A quiet funeral mass was celebrated here this morning for Thomas Luchese, the reputed underworld leader, as police detectives in sports clothes photographed the mourners and jotted down limousine license numbers.
  35. ^ IMDb: The Gangster Chronicles (1981)
  36. ^ IMDb: Gangster Wars (1981)

Sources

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  • Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana, United States Treasury Department. Mafia: The Government's Secret File on Organized Crime. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009.
  • Harrell, G. T. (2009). For Members Only: The Story of the Mob's Secret Judge. Arthur House Publishing.
  • Volkman, Ernest (1998). Gangbusters: The Destruction of America's Last Great Mafia Dynasty. New York: Avon Books.
  • Ragano, Frank; Raab, Selwyn (1994). Mob Lawyer. Charles Scribner's Sons.

Further reading

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American Mafia
Preceded by Lucchese crime family
Underboss
1930-1951 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lucchese crime family
Boss
1951-1967 		Succeeded by
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