The Three-anti Campaign (1951) and Five-anti Campaign (1952) (Chinese: 三反五反; pinyin: sān fǎn wǔ fǎn) were reform movements originally issued by Mao Zedong a few years after the founding of the People's Republic of China in an effort to rid Chinese cities of corruption and enemies of the state. The result turned into a series of campaigns that consolidated Mao's power base by targeting political opponents and capitalists, especially wealthy capitalists.[1]
| Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns | |
|---|---|
 A campaign conference in Shanghai (1952) | |
| Native name | 三反五反运动 |
| Location | China (Nationwide, concentrated in Beijing) |
| Date | 1952 January 1952 – April 1952 |
| Target | Allegedly corrupt officials, government bureaucrats, "bureaucraticism", capitalists and business owners |
Attack type | Political Persecution |
| Deaths | 100,000+ (allegedly through suicide) |
| Victims | 10,000 （Estimated) |
| Perpetrators | Chinese Communist Party, CCP Cadres, political fanatics |
| Motive | Attack of political opponents of Mao Zedong, the state bureaucracy, elimination of political enemies and consolidation of power |
The Three-anti campaign
edit| Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 三反五反 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 三反五反 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Three-anti Campaign | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Three-anti Campaign was launched in Northeast China at the end of 1951. The initial motivation for the campaigns appears to have been mainly economic. To cover the rising costs of the Korean War, it was essential to cut all non-military expenses. To boost the struggling national economy, the government proposed a massive production drive. The "Three-Anti" campaign was subsequently expanded into the "Five-Anti" movement to target business people across the country in order to tax and redistribute wealth.[2] It was aimed at members within the Chinese Communist Party, former Kuomintang members and bureaucratic officials who were not party members.[3]
The 3 antis imposed were:
- anti-corruption (反贪污)
- anti-waste (反浪费)
- anti-bureaucratism (反官僚主义)[4]
The Five-anti campaign
editThe Five-Antis Campaign occurred in the midst of the Korean War and was a key campaign in the Communist Party's effort to eliminate private property.[5]: 163 It both extracted funds from the private sector to support China's involvement in the war and further restrained the power of Chinese capitalists.[5]: 163
The 5 antis were:
- against bribery (反行贿)[3]
- against theft of state property (反盗骗国家财产)
- against tax evasion (反偷税漏税)
- against cheating on government contracts (反偷工减料)
- against stealing state economic intelligence (反盗窃国家经济情报).
An estimated 20,000 cadres and 6,000 trained workers began spying on the business affairs of fellow citizens. The media encouraged compliance with the government policies. Up to 15,000 trained propagandists were working in Shanghai by late 1951.[3] By February 1952, parades of anti-capitalist activists went door-to-door to visit business leaders. It created immense psychological pressure. Shanghai wards were set up to receive criticism letters from any employees. As many as 18,000 letters came in the first week of February 1952, and 210,000 came in by the end of the first month. Cadres of party members would join in on the attack. Some big companies would voluntarily make 1,000 confessions a day to try to protect themselves from the government.[3] A prime example was the Dahua copper company owner who originally over-confessed by claiming to have illegally obtained 50 million yuan. The employees continued to criticize the owner for greater crime until he reconfessed to having obtained 2 billion yuan.[3]
Role of Mass Mobilization in Campaign Success
editThe Communist Party effectively used mass organizations to evoke emotions of hate and fear, essential for the class war, through continuous propaganda and successive mass movements. A "mass investigation movement" was launched, encouraging everyone to fulfill their "patriotic duty" by exposing corrupt activities, rewards for informers and safety. Since they heavily relied on the emotions and frustrations of the working class to fuel their campaign, they had to make sure these emotions were not fleeting and translated into actual compliance. Specific stages were introduced to sustain engagement such as enlarging the Three-anti campaign into a Five-anti campaign to keep the sentiments and volatile emotions of the working class growing.[6] The campaigns targeted merchants and industrialists, linking their actions to national misfortunes, especially in the Korean War, to exploit patriotic sentiments and maintain public support. How? One way this was done was through blaming and accusing merchants and business owners for selling ineffective medicines, producing defective first-aid materials, and providing inferior raincoats, which allegedly caused casualties among soldiers during the war against Korea.[7]
Role of Chinese Youth in promoting the success of this campaign
editRecruitment and Indoctrination
editYouth were mobilized through organizations, schools, indoctrination classes, and mass meetings (Chen & Chen, 1952, p.15). In fact, after the Three-anti campaign, many government positions were left empty. Campaigns were launched to recruit new cadres. Government offices across the country were told to enlist new cadres from workers with strong political beliefs and activists from the Three-Anti Campaign which often ended up being young students aiming to achieve these positions within the governments.[8]
Family Surveillance
editYoung people were instructed to expose their parents' crimes and assist cadres in persuading them to confess.[9] Children were encouraged to compete in persuading or informing on their parents, facing ridicule if their parents were suspected of wrongdoing. Reports in the Communist press highlighted instances where children pleaded with their parents to confess to avoid social ostracism.
Aftermath
editEffect on China's class structure
editThe Three-Anti and Five-Anti Campaigns significantly reshaped China's class structure by targeting the bourgeois, capitalist ideologies and essentially of western capitalism. These campaigns included a "thought-reform movement" aimed at students, intellectuals, artists, and professionals to eliminate "bourgeois ideas" and promote "proletarian ideology” or more communist/collectivist ways of thinking.[10] Schools and colleges became battlegrounds for these ideological purges, forcing intellectuals to publicly confess and renounce their free market and western believes that aligned with capitalist values. This resulted in a significant change in the class composition of the government and Party membership. Workers with demonstrated support for Mao’s communist ideology were promoted to executive and managerial roles in factories and industries, with diminishing importance on their qualifications and literacy rate. In fact standards of membership qualification were reduced to join the Chinese Communist Party.[11] The recruitment and advancement of cadres prioritized those of working-class origin, thereby reinforcing the proletarian nature of the Party and the new Chinese state.
Effects on private business owners
editMany were fined during the Five-Antis campaign or prosecuted on charges such as tax evasion, bribery, misappropriation of public property, stealing state economic information, or cheating on labor materials.[5]: 163 As the Communist Party later acknowledged, the amount of illegal income attributed to those punished was often overestimated, and some of those punished were forced to confess, suffered physical violence, or were executed.[5]: 163–164
According to Mao, "We must probably execute 10,000 to several tens of thousands of embezzlers nationwide before we can solve the problem."[12] There were hundreds of thousands of suicides (though it is debatable whether many of these were voluntary) that were a direct result of these campaigns.[13] The campaigns negatively impacted the economy of big cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing, forcing many businessmen to commit suicide.[14][15][16][17] In Shanghai alone, from January 25 to April 1, 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide.[15][16][17]
Through these campaigns, the Communist Party demonstrated that it would no longer protect private business, and that Chinese capitalists would receive treatment no better than foreign.[3] The Korean War initially provided opportunities in Northern China, giving rise to a new class of capitalists, many of whom would be prosecuted under the Marxist policies of the Communist Party. Many of these people eventually borrowed money from the government to pay off government fines, creating a complex financial pattern.[3] A series of anti campaigns were launched by the Chinese government in the following years.[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Dillon, Michael. [1998] (1998). China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Routledge publishing. ISBN 0-7007-0439-6
- ^ Chen, T. H.-E., & Chen, W.-H. C. (1953). The “Three-Anti” and “Five-Anti” Movements in Communist China. Pacific Affairs, 26(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2752900
- ^ a b c d e f g Spence, Jonathan D. [1991] (1991). The Search for Modern China. WW Norton & Company publishing. ISBN 0-393-30780-8
- ^ Lawrence, Alan. [2003] (2003). China since 1919: Revolution and Reform: a Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25142-7
- ^ a b c d Dong, Madeline Yue (2022). "Nationalizing Food Provision in Beijing". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.). Material Contradictions in Mao's China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-75085-9.
- ^ Chen & Chen 1952, p. 22.
- ^ (Chen & Chen 1952, p. 13).
- ^ Chen & Chen 1952, p. 9).
- ^ Chen & Chen 1952, p. 15).
- ^ Chen &Chen, 1952
- ^ Chen & Chen 1952, p. 10)
- ^ Changyu, Li. "Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC). 26 September 2005, at Shandong University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2009.
- ^ Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life. Owl Books. p. 437. ISBN 0-8050-6638-1. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
- ^ Chen, Theodore Hsi-En; Chen, Wen-Hui C. (March 1953). "The 'Three-Anti' and 'Five-Anti' Movements in Communist China". Pacific Affairs. 26 (1): 3–23. doi:10.2307/2752900. JSTOR 2752900.
- ^ a b Zhang, Ming. "执政的道德困境与突围之道——"三反五反"运动解析" (PDF) (in Chinese). Chinese University of Hong Kong.
- ^ a b Liu, Yongfeng (2013-07-26). "那一年，中国商贾千人跳楼 全家共赴黄泉（图）". Sohu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- ^ a b Yang, Kuisong (2012-09-28). "三反五反：资产阶级命运的终结". Phoenix New Media (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- ^ Fisac, Taciana and Fernández-Stembridge, Leila. [2003] (2003). China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion and Collective Identities. Routledge publishing. ISBN 0-415-31267-1