COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (September 2024) |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020, after a dance instructor and her mother tested positive for the virus. Both were infected from a Japanese national.[1][2]
| COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Indonesia |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | Kemang, Jakarta |
| Arrival date | 2 March 2020 (4 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) |
Deaths | At least 1 million (excess deaths) |
| Government website | |
| National: covid19 covid19 covid19 Local: see cases by province | |
By 9 April 2020, the pandemic had spread to all 34 provinces in the country at that time. Jakarta, West Java, and Central Java are the worst-hit provinces, together accounting more than half of the national total cases. On 13 July 2020, the recoveries exceeded active cases for the first time.[3]
The number of deaths may be much higher than what has been reported as those who died with acute COVID-19 symptoms but had not been confirmed or tested were not counted in the official death figure.[4]
Instead of implementing a nationwide lockdown, the government applied "Large-Scale Social Restrictions" (Indonesian: Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, abbreviated as PSBB), which was later modified into the "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement" (Indonesian: Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat, abbreviated as PPKM).[5] On 30 December 2022, the restrictions were lifted for all regions in Indonesia since satisfied population immunity exceeded the expectation, although it did not lift the pandemic status.[6][7][8]
On 13 January 2021, President Joko Widodo was vaccinated at the presidential palace, officially kicking off Indonesia's vaccination program.[9] As of 5 February 2023 at 18:00 WIB (UTC+7), 204,266,655 people had received the first dose of the vaccine and 175,131,893 people had been fully vaccinated; 69,597,474 of them had been inoculated with the booster or the third dose.[10]
The pandemic is estimated to have caused at least 1 million excess deaths in Indonesia.[11]
Statistics
Background
On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[12][13]
The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[14][15] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[16][14]
Timeline
From January until February 2020, Indonesia reported zero cases of COVID-19, despite being surrounded by infected countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Australia. Flights from countries with high infection rate, including South Korea and Thailand, also continued to operate. Health experts and researchers at Harvard University in the United States expressed their concerns, saying that Indonesia is ill-prepared for an outbreak and there could be undetected COVID-19 cases.[17]
On 2 March 2020, Indonesian president Joko Widodo announced the first cases in the country: a dance instructor and her mother in Depok, West Java.[18] Both of them had held a dance class at a restaurant in Kemang, South Jakarta on 14 February, which was attended by more than a dozen people. One of whom was a Japanese, who was later tested positive for COVID-19 in Malaysia.[19] As Malaysia reported the case, the government of Indonesia began to trace anyone who have had close contact with the Japanese and the infected Indonesians.[20][21]
The cluster was initially identified as the "Jakarta cluster"[22] or the "dance class cluster",[23][24] owing to the location of the infection. Since then, confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia began to increase slowly. By 8 March, a total of 6 people who had attended the dance class were infected by the COVID-19, including one case of repatriated Indonesian from the Diamond Princess.[25] Several COVID-19 cases in West Java and Jakarta were found to have a link with the cluster.[26]
The positive cases first confirmed in March are not the first Indonesians to have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In January, an Indonesian maid in Singapore contracted the virus from her employer.[27]
The first confirmed death of COVID-19 in the country occurred on 11 March when a 53-year-old British citizen in Bali died.[28] However, a Telkom employee who died on 3 March was found positive on 14 March.[29][30]
Classifications
Cases
Since 14 July 2020, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia classifies people involved with COVID-19 into four levels:[31]
- A suspect is a person showing symptoms of respiratory infections, and has stayed within 14 days in any country or any region in Indonesia with local transmission and/or has established contact within 14 days with a confirmed or probable case and/or requires treatment at the hospital and has no possible diagnosis of other diseases.
- A probable case is a person, alive or deceased, who shows or showed obvious signs of COVID-19 symptoms and awaiting results of his or her swab test.
- A confirmed case is a person whose sample produced positive results based on swab or molecular rapid test. A confirmed case may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Due to lower accuracy and higher chance of false positives, a positive rapid or antibody test is not counted into the official number of cases.
- A close contact is a person who established contact with a probable or confirmed case between 2 days before and 14 days after symptoms show up, or the date of testing for asymptomatic cases. The close contact must quarantine for 14 days. Reclassification into suspect may be done should if the person show symptoms.
Other classifications include:
- A recovered case is recorded after a confirmed case is discharged from isolation. For an asymptomatic case, it is 10 days after a sample testing; for a symptomatic case, it is after a swab test or 10 days after onset of symptoms, and at least 3 days after no fever or respiratory difficulties.
- Death is recorded after someone who had been confirmed COVID-19 positive died. People who were classified into probable case's deaths are not counted in the official tally.
Location
According to the Ministry of Domestic Affairs, a regency or municipality may be classified into three levels depending on the severity of COVID-19 cases within the region, according to these parameters:[32]
- The number of positive cases within 14 days
- The number of suspected cases within 14 days
- The number of deaths buried according to COVID-19 protocol within 14 days
- Threat of disease contagions to healthcare workers
Each has a score of 15 points for increasing trends, 20 for stationary trends, and 25 for decreasing trends.
The three levels were assigned to a specific region:
- Red Zone if the total score reaches below 80 points. Large-scale social restrictions may be enforced.
- Yellow Zone if the total score reaches 80 to 95 points.
- Green Zone if the total score reaches 100 points (all 4 parameters show a decreasing trend).
Cases
Confirmed cases
Jakarta became the first province that confirmed COVID-19 cases, while Gorontalo was the last to do so. On 6 July 2020, Jambi became the last province to report a death, 53 days after the penultimate province East Nusa Tenggara did. West Java and Banten had ever reported 16,251 cases and 22,667 recoveries in a day respectively; both are the highest by a single province. Central Java hold the record for death numbers with 679. All six provinces in Java have the highest number of cases compared to other provinces, making it the worst-affected region in the country.
Suspected cases
Several travellers who had visited or transited through Bali later tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 shortly after their return to China,[33] Japan,[34] New Zealand,[35] and Singapore.[36]
An additional 50 to 70 people were put under surveillance after coming into contact with the first two confirmed COVID-19 patients. This number includes those who had visited Mitra Keluarga Hospital in Depok, the hospital the two confirmed patients were previously admitted to before being transferred to North Jakarta.[37][38]
A 37-year-old man who died in a hospital in Semarang suspected of having COVID-19 reportedly tested negative, and was instead afflicted by swine flu, probably picked up from recent travels to Spain.[39]
In West Sumatra, two people who returned from abroad died at Padang's Dr. M. Djamil Central General Hospital. On 13 March, a woman who was being treated as a suspect of COVID-19 after returning from Umrah died.[40] On 16 March, a 47-year-old man from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia landed at Minangkabau International Airport, showing symptoms of COVID-19.[41][42][43] He was subsequently hospitalized at Padang's hospital and died on the same day.[44]
Responses
International
WHO
Director-General of the World Health Organization Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus sent a letter to President Jokowi on 10 March 2020, urging countries with large populations, like Indonesia, to focus on increasing capacity of laboratoriums to detect cases of infection. Early detection is a key factor in limiting the spread of the virus as authorities are able to identify clusters faster. WHO gave advices, such as improving the mechanism of emergency responses, including asking for Indonesia to declare a national emergency situation as soon as possible, educating people and actively communicating while applying the appropriate risk communication measures, involving the local communities more, intensifying COVID-19 tracings, performing lab decentralization so that quick response teams can quickly map spread and clusters, and sharing detailed data on measures of the government in supervision and examination, including identification of patient contacts and summary of tracing patient contacts.[45]
International aid
On 21 March 2020, the Asian Development Bank through the Asia-Pacific Disaster Response Fund granted US$3 million to Indonesia to counter COVID-19. The grant is a part of a $6.5 billion initial package prepared by ADB on 18 March 2020 to aid developing countries in countering COVID-19.[46]
As of 24 April 2020, the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force has received US$77.49 million from 9 countries, 9 international organizations, and 70 NGOs.[47]
Central government
Early responses
Indonesia banned all flights from and to mainland China starting from 5 February 2020. The government also stopped giving free visa and visa on arrival for Chinese nationals. Those who live or have stayed in mainland China in the previous 14 days were barred from entering or transiting through Indonesia. Indonesians were discouraged from travelling to China.[49]
On 6 March, the government announces 5 main protocols relating to COVID-19, which are health protocols, communication protocols, border control protocols, education institution protocols, and public area and transportation protocols.[50]
Starting on 8 March, travel restrictions expanded to include Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea, Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna regions of Italy, and Tehran and Qom in Iran. Visitors with travel history within these countries but outside the aforementioned regions have to provide a valid health certificate during check-in for all transportation into Indonesia.[51] Despite the restriction on travellers from South Korea, Indonesia was still allowing flights from the country.[52]
The Ministry of Health ordered the installation of thermal scanners for at least 135 airport gates and port docks,[53][54] and announced that provisioning over 100 hospitals with isolation rooms (to WHO-recommended standards) would begin.[55] Starting on 4 March, Jakarta MRT also began scanning the temperature of passengers entering the stations and denying access to those with symptoms of high fever.[56] Other public places such as mall and school also began to scan people at all their entrances.[57]
After the first victim died, the Indonesian government admitted that they had difficulties in detecting incoming imported cases on airports, doing contact tracing and also location history for each case.[58]
The Indonesian government announced on 4 March that it planned to turn a site on Galang Island, previously used as a refugee camp for Vietnamese asylum seekers into a 1,000-bed medical facility specially equipped to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and other infectious diseases.[59]
On 13 March, the government designated 132 treatment facilities across Indonesia.[48] On the same day, President Jokowi announces Presidential Decree No. 7 Year 2020 on the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force, establishing the task force and appointing then- Chief of BNPB Doni Monardo as its head.[60] On the same day, Minister of Home Affairs Tito Karnavian urged all of Indonesia's regional leaders to suspend all non-essential travel to foreign country.[61]
On 15 March, President Jokowi called on all Indonesians to practice what epidemiologists call social distancing to slow the spread of COVID-19 in the country.[62] Indonesian tax authorities announced that they would move back the tax reporting deadline to 30 April 2020.[63]
On 16 March, the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises instructed its employees aged 50 and over to work from home.[64] President Jokowi also clarified that the decision to implement lockdown on cities or regencies are only to be made after consultation with the central government.[65]
As schools were closing in some regions, Minister of Education Nadiem Makarim announced the readiness of the Ministry of Education to assist schools in online learning by providing free teaching platforms.[66] Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani also announced a shifting of infrastructure budget of IDR 1 trillion into healthcare and pandemic prevention.[67]
On 17 March, COVID-19 health protocols have been released to public.[68][69] Ministry of Foreign Affairs also expanded the travel restrictions to temporary abolish visa free entry to Indonesia for one month and deny transit or arrival for visitors who have been in Iran, Italy, Vatican City, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and United Kingdom within the past 14 days.[70]
On 18 March, the government launched covid-19.go.id site, an official source of accurate information on controlling the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia.[71][72] 227 additional hospitals (109 military hospitals, 53 police hospitals and 65 state-owned enterprises hospitals) were provisioned to cover more patients across the country.[73] The Ministry of Finance also announced that Kemayoran Athletes Village, a former athlete's housing for the 2018 Asian Games would be converted to house COVID-19 patients who show only mild symptoms after consultation from doctors.[74][75][76] The conversion was officially completed on 23 March.[77]
On 19 March, Bank of Indonesia decided to slash the bank rate to 4.5%, in addition to 6 other fiscal policies, in the attempt to shore up the economy amidst the COVID-19 crisis.[78] In a limited cabinet meeting, President Jokowi decided that the government will import COVID-19 rapid test kits.[79] Out of a 1 million target,[80] 500,000 has been imported from China by the Indonesian state-owned enterprise PT RNI and has arrived in Indonesia in stages since 20 March.[81] Rapid test kits using mucus samples are also ordered from Swiss which would arrive by late March.[82] Chief of the Indonesian National Police Idham Azis published a notice for all officers to enforce social distancing by dispersing assemblies at public places.[83]
On 20 March, the government ordered 2 million Avigan pills, after previously having ordered 5000. The government has also ordered 3 million Klorokuin pills.[84]
Pharmaceutical state-owned enterprise PT RNI produced 4.7 million masks which would be available by late March.[85] Meanwhile, temporary hospitals were prepared. Patra Comfort Hotel with a capacity of 52 beds was converted,[86] Pertamina Jaya Hospital prepared an old building as a COVID ward with a capacity of 65 beds, and the Athletes' Village was targeted ready to be used as a hospital by 23 March with a capacity of 1000–2000.[87] It was ready on time, and by 26 March was tending to 208 patients out of a capacity of roughly 3000.[88]
LIPI published a tentative list of household cleaning products which can be used as disinfectants against corona. LIPI also described how to properly dilute those products.[89]
On 27 March, the government was mulling over a plan to ban the 2020 mudik to prevent city dwellers from spreading the coronavirus to towns and villages across the archipelago.[90]
On 30 March, President Widodo refused to impose lockdown on Jakarta. Bus routes connecting Jakarta and other cities and provinces will remain open following the cancellation of a plan to temporarily suspend operations of Greater Jakarta-based intercity and interprovincial (AKAP) buses.[91][92]
On 31 March, Indonesia announced IDR 405 trillion COVID-19 budget, anticipates a 5% deficit in a historic move. The government was to allocate IDR 75 trillion for healthcare spending, IDR 110 trillion for social protection, and IDR 70.1 trillion for tax incentives and credit for enterprises. The largest chunk, IDR 150 trillion, was to be set aside for economic recovery programs including credit restructuring and financing for small and medium businesses.[93]
On 13 April, President Jokowi declared COVID-19 as a national disaster after it infected 4,557 individuals and caused 399 deaths in Indonesia. Prof. Mahfud MD as Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs said the national disaster could not be used as a justification for claiming force majeure and thereby evading obligations under contracts.[94]
On 21 April, President Jokowi announced his decision to ban the 2020 mudik starting from 24 April to curb the spread of COVID-19 ahead of Ramadan.[95] To help with this effort, travel by intercity bus travel was banned until 31 May, commercial and charter flights until 1 June, sea transportation until 8 June, and long-distance passenger trains until 15 June.[96][97]
In late April, President Jokowi asked the United States for medical equipment, including ventilators via phone call to President Donald Trump, to which President Trump, on 24 April, responded he would provide and also reiterated the intent to strengthen economic cooperation between the two.[98][99]
Vaccination efforts
COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia was started on 13 January 2021, when President Joko Widodo was vaccinated at the presidential palace.
Stimulus policy
Phase 1
To reduce the impact of COVID-19 pandemic to the national economy, on 25 February, the government released an IDR 10.3 trillion stimulus policy to the tourism sector, in the form of ticket price discounts and restaurant tax deductions. The IDR 10.3 trillion budget is given to provide discounted airplane ticket prices for 10 tourist destinations, such as Batam, Denpasar, Yogyakarta, Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Malang, Manado, Lake Toba (Silangit Airport), Tanjung Pandan, and Tanjungpinang, which applies from March to May 2020. Ticket prices for low-cost airlines are discounted by 50%, medium-service by 48%, and full-service by 45%.[100] Specifically for this ticket price discount, the stimulus fund comes from the IDR 444.39 billion state budget (APBN) for a discounted value of 30% and 25% of passengers per flight.[101] Additionally, there were additional IDR 100 billion ticket discounts paid by Angkasa Pura I and Angkasa Pura II and IDR 260 billion PT Pertamina paid through jet fuel price discounts, so the total ticket price stimulus was IDR 960 billion, so that the ticket price could be discounted by 50%.[102]
The stimulus in the form of restaurant taxes borne by the central government was also provided amounting IDR 3.3 trillion. Thus, there was no restaurant tax in the ten tourist destinations above, but as compensation, the local government were to be given a grant from the central government.[101]
Phase 2
On 14 March. the government released an IDR 22.9 trillion stimulus policy. Among other policies, the government will bear 100% of the income tax of workers in the manufacturing sector with income up to IDR 17 million/month. This tax will be borne by the government or 6 months, from April to September, so the government will spend IDR 8,6 trillion.[103]
Besides fiscal stimus, the government also provided nonfiscal stimulus such as simplification of health certificates and V-legals, and reduction of export restrictions and prohibitions of 749 HS codes (443 fishery commodity HS codes and 306 logging industry HS codes). Simplifications as well as reduction of restrictions and prohibitions of raw material imports were also given to producers of steel, alloys, industrial salt, and powdered sugar. 735 export-import companies deemed reputable were given export-import process accelerations through automatic response and approval as well as write-off of surveyor reports. There were also general improvement and acceleration of export-import process service and supervision through the national logistics system.[103]
Phase 3
On 20 March 2020, the government is effectively able to use realocated state budget funds amounting to IDR 118.3-121.3 trillion to address the pandemic. The funds were realocated from funds for agency and ministry official travels, nonoperational expenses, and honorary employees amounting to IDR 62.3 trillion and village as well as regional transfers amounting to IDR 56-59 trillion.[104]
IDR 38 trillion of the realocated funds will be used for education, social safety net, and healthcare. IDR 6.1 trillion will be used for insurance of healthcare workers. BNPB will get an additional budget of IDR 3.3 trillion to address the pandemic. Some of the allocated village funds, amounting to IDR 72 trillion, will also be allocated to especially impacted villages.[105]
Medical devices incentives
On 20 March 2020, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise centralized permits of imports of medical devices for handling the pandemic to BNPB. Ministries/agencies, nonprofits, noncommercial private initiatives, and individuals can obtain medical device import tax allowance with a recommendation from BNPB. However, this tax allowance does not apply to commercial private initiatives and individuals and still requires permit from BNPB.[106]
Fiscal incentives for medical device imports including import duty exemptions, value-added tax exemptions, and write-off of import trading administrations which would have to go through the Ministry of Trade, BPOM, and the Ministry of Health. Medical devices included in this policy includes drugs, PPEs, face masks, and rapid test kits.[107]
Economic recovery policies
To recover from the economic impacts of the pandemic, the government planned to budget IDR 677 trillion for recovery policies.[108] Economic growth for the period was projected to be similar to during the 1997 crisis.[109] Because the revised 2020 state budget was projected to grow by IDR 124.5 trillion, the 2020 state budget deficit reached IDR 1039.2 trillion or up to 6.34% of GDP[110] after a revision to Presidential Decree No. 54/2020. Before that, as explained by Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani, the state budget deficit was IDR 859.2 trillion or 5.07% of GDP.[111] Consequently, the debt financing to cover the deficit increased from IDR 1006.4 trillion to IDR 1220.3 trillion, an increase of IDR 213.9 trillion. The increase is used to cover the deficit increase and for additional investment financing.[112] Initially, state revenue was projected to be IDR 1,760.9 trillion, but was revised to IDR 1,699.1 trillion. Expenses was revised from IDR 2,613.8 trillion to IDR 2,738.4 trillion. Revenue from taxes was projected to reach IDR 1,404.5 trillion.[111] Until June, Bank Indonesia has purchased government bonds in support of economic recovery.[112] World Bank projected that Indonesia's debt ratio will rise by 37%, influenced by the widening of state budget deficit, retardation of economic growth, and weakening of the rupiah. Social and economic policies would also need a huge amount of funds. The deficit projection of up to 6.34% of GDP will be steadily lowered to 4.7% in 2021, 3.4% in 2022, and under 3% in 2023.[113] According to Governor of Bank Indonesia Perry Warjiyo, Indonesian can avoid a recession if the new normal scheme goes according to plan, and economic growth can reach the estimate, which is 3.2%, as long as the curve flattens.[114]
New normal
On 21 May, the government announced that Indonesia enters the new normal stage. They emphasize that this does not mean loosening of PSBB.[115] Previously, President Jokowi has asked people to learn to live with COVID-19.[116]
In July 2020, the government considered that the phrase "new normal" is a "wrong diction" to describe changes of behaviour post-pandemic. In substitution, they decided to use "adaptation to new habits" (adaptasi kebiasaan baru). COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force speaker Yurianto considered that the public would focus on the word "normal" which can be taken to mean "perform activities like usual without paying attention to health protocols".[117]
Regional government
Area of emergency
- Jakarta: 20 March – 19 April[118][119]
- Depok: 18 March – 29 May[118]
- Yogyakarta: 20 March – 29 May[118]
- Bogor: 15 March – 29 May[118]
- East Java: 14 March – 29 May[118]
- Banten: 15 March – 29 May[118]
- East Kalimantan: 18 March – 29 May[118]
- West Kalimantan: 10 March – 29 May[118]
- West Java: 19 March – 29 May[118]
- Papua: 17 March – 17 April[120]
- Aceh: 20 March – 29 May[121]
- North Sumatra: 31 March – 29 May[122]
- South Kalimantan: 22 March – 29 May[123]
Large-scale social restrictions
Specific regions can apply for a request for large-scale social restrictions (PSBB/LSSR) to the Ministry of Health alongside proof of endemic and mitigation steps.[124] Should it be approved, a date will be set by the local government and will run for at least two weeks.[125]
According to the report, 33 provinces implemented PSBB/LSSR in the first half of 2020, but the results proved that PSBB/LSSR did not have a significant improvement on the decline of cases in the whole country, but it had a great effect on controlling the growth of cases in a certain area, but at the same time it had some negative impact on the lives of the population.[126]
Under the current restrictions, all public transportation options must operate with reduced hours and capacity. Non-essential businesses and stores are required to be closed. Restaurants and food stalls are open for takeaway and delivery only; markets and essential business can may open with social distancing. Depending on the area, private transportation requires a limitation of passengers and a mask obligation will also be in effect.[127][128][129][130]
Aceh
On 12 March, Aceh acting governor Nova Iriansyah advised Acehnese to stay away from vices and activities that are incompatible with religious and Islamic sharia values.[131]
On 15 March, due to the rapid rise of the number of coronavirus infections in the country, the province of Aceh decided to close schools until further notice.[132]
On 16 March, the city of Sabang started to implement travel restrictions to forbid foreign visitors from traveling to their city.[133]
On 20 March, Nova Iriansyah declared a "province-scale" state of emergency in Aceh for 71 days, lasting until 29 May.[121]
Banten
On 15 March, Governor of Banten Wahidin Halim declares "extraordinary event" and decides to close all schools for 2 weeks.[134]
Central Java
On 13 March, the city of Solo in Central Java decided to close all primary schools (SD) and junior high school's (SMP) for next 2 weeks, after three positive cases are found in the city.[135] The mayor of Solo F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo has also declared that the area is under "extraordinary event".[136] On the same day, the Regency of Sragen decided to close all schools from kindergarten to junior high school throughout the regency for at least a week, while closure of senior high school in the regency would be decided by the provincial government.[137]
On 14 March, Central Java governor Ganjar Pranowo decided to close all kindergarten to junior high schools in the province. High schools would remain open during the examination season.[138] The city of Salatiga followed the same decision on 15 March. The city government would also provide a total of IDR 3 billion for medical support.[139]
On 25 March, the governor announced that schools under control of the provincial government will postpone their opening until 13 April.[140]
On 26 March, the city of Solo,[141] Semarang,[142] Salatiga,[143] and Sukoharjo Regency[142] announced that kindergarten, primary, and junior high school's opening will be postponed until 13 April.
On 27 March, despite statements from President Jokowi that lockdowns are the authority of the central government, mayor of Tegal Dedy Yon Supriyono announced that Tegal would be on lockdown. He ordered that 49 road access to the city to be barricaded with movable concrete barriers, and visitors from outside will be thoroughly checked and have to undergo a 14-day quarantine period.[144] On the other hand, the Governor of Central Java Ganjar Pranowo insisted that the blockade will only happen at some part of the city of Tegal, not on the whole city.[145]
DKI Jakarta
On 2 March, in response to the confirmed cases, DKI Jakarta governor Anies Baswedan halted the issuance of permits for large gatherings.[146] These including concerts by Foals, Babymetal, Head in the Clouds, and Dream Theater.[147][148]
On 13 March, after 69 positive COVID-19 cases, several tourist destinations in Jakarta including Ancol Dreamland, multiple government-managed museums, Ragunan Zoo and Monas were closed for 2 weeks.[149][150][151] The Islamic organization Muhammadiyah formed a "command center" allocating 20 hospitals in the country to handle the outbreak, with the center being led by emergency medicine specialist Corona Rintawan.[152]
On 14 March, Jakarta governor Anies Baswedan decided to suspend all school activities and examinations for two weeks in response to prevent further spread of the virus in the capital city of Jakarta.[153]
On 15 March, Jakarta provincial government prepared 500 to 1,000 beds for Patient Under Investigation (PUI) that will be placed on designated COVID-19 treatment facilities.[154]
On 16 March, MRT Jakarta, LRT and TransJakarta started to reduce number of trips, corridors and timetables (06.00 – 18.00), however, this policy was retracted due to long queue in many bus stops and train stations in morning.[155][156][157] Odd-even policy will be halted during outbreak.[158]
On 20 March, Anies Baswedan declared a state of emergency in Jakarta for the next 14 days, lasting until 2 April.[159]
On 28 March, Jakarta provincial government extends the state of emergency until 19 April.[119]
On 2 April, Anies Baswedan allocated IDR 3 trillion to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and the budget will be used to fund the city's fight against the virus up until May this year, by gradually allocating IDR 1.3 trillion and an additional IDR 2 trillion[160]
Jakarta's application for curfew was approved by the Ministry of Health on 7 April and is set to take effect from Friday, 10 April for at least two weeks.[161]
On 21 April, the local government prepared 136 schools as isolation areas for COVID-19 and the policy is currently still a proposal waiting for approval from the Education Office.[162]
On 9 September, Anies decided to reimpose large-scale social restrictions starting from 14 September due to the high spike of COVID-19 cases in the province.[163]
East Java
.png)
On 15 March, the city of Malang announced that they will close all schools for two weeks. The closure will begin on 16 March.[164]
On the same day, the Governor of East Java Khofifah Indar Parawansa ordered the closure of all schools throughout the province. Educational institutions were advised to cancel any kind of student exchange until an indefinite time. However national examination in the province would not be postponed.[165]
On 16 March, the mayor of Malang Sutiaji decided to close all access to the city (lockdown), starting on 18 March. As of 16 March, there is no positive COVID-19 in Malang or the province of East Java.[166] He would later clarify that the lockdown only applies to the government of Malang, not the general populace.[167]
On 20 March, Khofifah declared a state of emergency for East Java.[168]
North Sumatra
On 31 March, the provincial government of North Sumatra declared a state of emergency until 29 May 2020.[169]
Papua
On 24 March, the provincial government of Papua decided to close any in and out access to Papua except for logistics and medical workers starting from 26 March for 14 days.[170] Indonesian Minister of Home Affairs Tito Karnavian disagreed with the decision, saying that the central government's advice to the regional governments is not to close transportation, but to ban mass gatherings.[171]
South Sumatra
On 30 March, Jakabaring Athletes Village, a former athlete's housing for the 2018 Asian Games in Palembang, was appointed by the Governor of South Sumatera Herman Deru to be the house of PUM's treatment (ODP Center). He named it as "COVID-19 Healthy House" (Rumah Sehat COVID-19).[172]
West Java
On 14 March, the city of Depok and Bogor decided to close all schools from kindergarten to senior high school until 28 March 2020.[173][174] This decision was also followed by the city of Bandung, in which the city opted to close schools for the next two weeks and advised schools to hold online teachings.[175]
On 15 March, West Java COVID-19 distribution map was released to public.[176] The Regency of Bogor implement "semi-lockdown" on tourist area Puncak for foreign visitors, to prevent them from entering the area.[177] Jalak Harupat, Pakansari and Patriot Chandrabragha stadiums are being prepared for COVID-19 Mass Rapid Test.[178]
Applications for large-scale social distancing for Depok city, Bogor city & regency, and Bekasi city & regency, all of which belong to the Jakarta metropolitan area, were approved on 11 April and will be in effect on 15 April for at least two weeks.[179]
West Kalimantan
On 15 March, the governor decided to impose quarantine for all students from kindergarten to senior high school level in the province until a date which is yet to be decided. During the quarantine period, students must stay at their homes for studying. An exception is given for final year senior/vocational high school students on their respective national final examinations date.[180]
Others
Rail transport
PT KAI and PT KCI has taken several measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus, including gradually cancelling several train journeys starting 21 March.[181] Some commuter line journeys are shortened by KCI and only opened from 06.00 to 20.00 WIB.[182] Starting 21 March, the Palembang LRT trips are also cut from 74 to 54, then 26 starting 1 April. The LRT would operate from 08.39 to 17.27 with a headway of 36 minutes.[183]
Besides that, KAI performed temperature checks on stations. Those with temperatures above 38 °C are prohibited from boarding the train.[184] Trains and other facilities were regularly disinfected.[185] Physical distancing was enforced in trains and other facilities, like limiting lift capacity to 4 people, marking safe distance on lockets, marking space on seats with X signs, and provision of hand sanitizers on corners.[186]
Prospective passengers could cancel tickets without being levied cancellation fees.[187] KAI advises prospective passengers that all cancellations and schedule changes are to be conducted via KAI Access or other external channels.[188] Passengers are also required to wear face masks in stations and on trains.[189]
As of 25 April, all mid-range and long-range train journeys are cancelled—including extra train journeys which have been planned by KAI. Only some local trains are still running with schedule adjustments, operating from morning to afternoon.[190] To fulfill logistical demands during PSBB, KAI operates the freight train service RailExpress in Java, throughout north, central, and south Java.[191]
Starting 12 May to 11 June, KAI operated six Extraordinary Train (Kereta Luar Biasa, KLB) journeys with a route of Jakarta–Surabaya (via Semarang and Yogyakarta) and Bandung–Surabaya—operated outside the schedule of regular train journeys.[192] Prospective passengers who want to board those trains must show permit from the COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force during ticket purchase and checking. The permit can be obtained on certain conditions, which are having assignment letter (if travel is for work) or a letter with stamp duty (if not for work), statement letter of tested negative for COVID, identity such as KTP/SIM/passport, travel reason, and time of departure and arrival.[193] Ticket purchase is only served on locket and can only be booked no later than a week before departure.[194]
With Jakarta Gubernatorial Decree No. 47/2020, extraordinary train passengers must also obtain entry-exit permit (surat izin keluar-masuk, SIKM) for departues going to Gambir. Passengers who arrived with incomplete papers must self-isolate for 14 days, and passengers who have incomplete papers on departure station are not allowed to board the train and fees are refunded in full.[195]
In accordance with new normal plans, KAI has designed updated health protocols. Prospective passengers booking mid-range and long-range trains will undergo temperature checks and must wear face masks and shields provided by KAI. Booths will only serve direct sales 3 hours before departure, there are capacity limitations in every train carriage, and it is advised to book tickets online via KAI Access or other external channels. Cleanliness of objects frequently touched by passengers are ensured by spraying disinfectant every 30 minutes. All KAI employees wear PPEs. If a passenger is found to have body temperature above 37.3 °C during a train journey, the passenger will be isolated in a specially-designated room in one of the carriages. Passengers are also required to obey social distancing and bring their own sajadah if they want to perform salat in station musalla. Passengers are required to not speak, whether face-to-face or by phone.[196]
During Christmas 2020 and New Year 2021 holidays, KAI collaborated with Rajawali Nusindo (subsidiary of RNI Group) to arrange antigen rapid tests in major stations of Java. This is connected to the enactment of Minister of Transport Circular Letter No. 12/2020.[197]
Universities
In response of the outbreak, multiple universities opted to cancel classes and instead would teach students online.[198]
On 16 March, at least 17 universities across Indonesia confirmed that conventional face-to-face lectures would be cancelled and would be replaced by online classes. Graduations and gatherings were cancelled and students and lecturers who had gone abroad from countries with confirmed coronavirus cases with any reasons should self-isolate at home. As of 14 March, numerous universities have closed their classes, such as Universitas Indonesia (UI),[199] Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM), Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Universitas Gunadharma, Universitas Multimedia Nusantara (UMN), Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara (STAN), Kalbis Institut, Binus University, Universitas Atmajaya, London School Public Relations (LSPR), Universitas Yarsi, Universitas Pelita Harapan (UPH), Telkom University, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta (UAJY),[200] Universitas Hasanuddin (UNHAS),[201] Universitas Tarumanegara (UNTAR), Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB),[202] and Universitas Al-Azhar Indonesia (UAI).[203][204] University of Brawijaya (UB), a university in Malang, creates a disinfection chamber as an effort to contain the coronavirus.[205]
Corporations
On 14 March, Tokopedia and Gojek have begun trial for work at home operations.[206][207]
On 15 March, Unilever Indonesia announced work-from-home policy for their office site, this policy will be started on 16 March until further notice.[208]
On 16 March, Telkomsel, Bank Mandiri, Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre and Bank Indonesia announced work-from-home and split-team policy, these policies will be started on 17 March until further notice.[209][210][211]
On 17 March, BNI announced that one of its back office employees, who doesn't directly interact with costumers, has tested positive for Covid. Due to this, management adopted three changes to the work system, which are work-from-home, operations separation, and more segregated shifts. The separation and segregated shifts are enacted for main operational and banking services functions, while work-from home is enacted for other divisions, effective in areas deemed high-risk.[212] On the same day, an employee of Bank Mandiri Kyai Tapa, Jakarta branch also tested positive for Covid. The branch was closed until further notice and services diverted to the S. Parman branch.[213]
On 20 March, Bank Permata announced the closure of its central offices in WTC II, Sudirman, Jakarta and had sprayed disinfectant in all rooms after one of its back office employees tested positive for Covid.[214]
Banks advise customers to use e-banking apps of each banks to perform transactions, open savings accounts online via video call, and use ATMs rather than going to bank branches and tellers to reduce chance of infection.[213]
On 23 March, a BCA employee working at the Menara BCA central office tested positive for corona. BCA arranged for all rooms and lifts to be sprayed with disinfectants, and employees working on the same floor are ordered to work from home and have their health closely monitored.[215] Two Indosat employees working at the Merdeka Barat, Jakarta central office tested positive for corona.[216]
On 28 March, Indonesia AirAsia (QZ) suspended all domestic and international flights to overcome the spread of the pandemic. All domestic flights suspended between 1 and 21 April 2020 while international flights between 1 April and 17 May 2020.[217]
Meanwhile, Bank Indonesia changes operational hours effective 30 March to 29 May. The changes include the operational services Bank Indonesia Real Time Gross Settlement (BI-RTGS) system, Bank Indonesia Scriptless Securities Settlement System (BI-SSSS), and Bank Indonesia Electric Trading Platform (BI-ETP) which were previously open until 18.30, changed to 17.30. Sistem Kliring Nasional Bank Indonesia (SKNBI, National Bank Indonesia Clearing System) are also changed from 9 times to 8 times and previously open until 17.00, changed to 15.30, and cash operational services were previously open until 12.00, changed to 11.00.[218]
Some banks also started to trim their operational hours from 8.00 to 15.00 to 9.00 to 15.00, as set by Bank Mandiri effective 23 March. Mandiri also temporarily closed 183 branch offices on 23 March and 287 on 24 March out of 457 in Jakarta.[219] BCA closed 30% of their branch offices in Jakarta from 24 March to 2 April and trimmed operational hours from 8.15 to 15.00 to 8.15 to 14.00.[220]
Mayapada Group founder Dato Sri Tahir donated IDR 52 billion in form of personal protective equipment, medical drugs, disinfectant, operational vehicles and also accommodation.[221]
On 31 March, Grab donated US$10 million to reduce COVID-19 impact in Indonesia.[222]
Societal organizations
On 16 March, Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) and Muhammadiyah urged to substitute Friday prayer with Zuhr prayer and not to attend any religious activities within heavily virus-plagued areas.[223][224]
On 31 March, Muhammadiyah advised Muslims to not perform tarawih in Ramadan and Idul Fitri prayers.[225]
In April, Ita Fatia Nadia, a historian, established Solidaritas Pangan Jogja, a charity group who focused on distributing health supplies and food to low income informal workers in Yogyakarta.[226] It offered services at eleven locations.[226] The charity was later reported to the police by Kotagede residents because the number of people collecting at these sites was in violation of the COVID restriction on gatherings.[226]
Travel restrictions
Indonesia had denied transit and entry for all foreign visitors since 2 April 2020.[227][228]
Indonesians who returned from China, South Korea, Italy, Iran, United Kingdom, Vatican City, France, Spain, Germany, and Switzerland were subject to additional health screening and a 14-day stay-at-home notice or quarantine depending on appearing symptoms.[229]
Garuda Indonesia, Citilink, Lion Air, Batik Air, and Sriwijaya Air cancelled several flights and grounded their aircraft. Meanwhile, Indonesia AirAsia cancelled all flights. International airlines have either temporarily suspended services or continue operating with reduced frequency. Other airlines such as China Airlines and Etihad Airways chose to continue their services as usual.[230][231]
From 24 April until 8 June, the government suspended all passenger to travel outside areas with at least one confirmed case, regions that had imposed large-scale social restrictions (PSBB/LSSR), and those that had been declared COVID-19 red zones. The ban applied to all types of public and private transportation by air, sea, land, and railway, except for vehicles carrying leaders of state institutions, police and military vehicles, ambulances, fire trucks, hearses and vehicles transporting logistical supplies, staple goods and medicines.[97]
Due to its number spike, a total of 59 countries banned non-essential travel to and from Indonesia, among them included Malaysia, Hungary, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, and the US as declared by the CDC.[232][233] The Indonesian government persuaded other countries to bring Indonesians to their country, but the countries questioned on whether Indonesia is able to manage the outbreak and thus keep them safe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs Retno Marsudi telecommunicated with other countries to discuss it; some countries then decided to only unban very essential travel with travellers already conducted two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, in consideration of Indonesia's disrupted economy.[234]
Indonesia imposed a 14-day lockdown from 1 until 14 January 2021 after a new variant of coronavirus was detected in December 2020 and had spread to some countries. Foreigners worldwide were banned to enter the country's territories.[235] This was later extended until 22 February.[236]
On 26 March, the national government announced its decision to ban mudik during Eid al-Fitr from 6 to 17 May to curb the spread of COVID-19.[237] They also tightened the travelling terms and requirements starting from 22 April to 24 May.[238]
On 5 July, the government renewed the travelling terms and requirements during the emergency Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement. Travelers who wanted to visit Indonesia would have to perform a PCR test at least 72 hours before their departure and show their vaccination certificate. They would be tested again when they arrive in Indonesia, followed mandatory quarantine for eight days, and for those who wanted to travel domestically would have to be vaccinated with the Gotong Royong vaccine.[239]
Criticism
Government
President Jokowi was criticized in March 2020 by KADIN,[240] Komnas HAM,[241] and political parties such as Golkar and PKS[242][243] for lack of transparency regarding information on COVID-19. Jokowi insisted on not sharing travel history details of the patients that tested positive with coronavirus in an attempt to reduce panic and uneasiness in the general public.[244] However, this secrecy is deemed to be unlawful.[245] Critique on transparency is also levied by the Indonesian Doctors Association regarding the number of medical personnel infected.[246] The public had asked the government to release official national map of COVID-19 confirmed cases' location, as unofficial independent maps may provide incorrect data.[247] Some critics of the government were arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the COVID-19 pandemic.[248]
On 30 August 2020, President Jokowi was criticized by writer Islam Syarifur Rahman who wrote him as an antiscience president due to his statement to only rely on prayers and the ulama as a solution to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.[249]
Lockdown policies
President Jokowi came under increased pressure in the course of March to impose a partial lockdown on virus-plagued areas, with scientists saying the country is racing against time to curb the spread of COVID-19 before Eid al-Fitr and that a community quarantine could be the only solution to do exactly that.[250] On 16 March, Jokowi said lockdown policies are the authority of the central government, and warned the local government to not impose lockdown without the consent of the central authority.[251]
On 27 March, Indonesian health professors urged the government to do local quarantines, saying that social distancing is ineffective. The government then implemented laws to regulate requirements and procedures to enact local quarantines.[252][253]
Failure to detect the virus
Health experts were concerned early on that the country was failing to identify the transmission of the virus.[254] Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health professor of epidemiology Marc Lipsitch "analysed air traffic out of the Chinese city at the center of the outbreak in China and suggested in a report ... that Indonesia might have missed cases" of COVID-19.[255] Western diplomats[256][257] as well as local[254][258] and international[259][260] news outlets postulated that the lack of cases within Indonesia result from inadequate testing and under reporting, as opposed to sheer luck and divine intervention.[261][262]
On 22 March, a research paper suggested that the official number of infections may only reflect 2% of the real COVID-19 infections in Indonesia.[263][264] According to The Jakarta Post on 5 April 2020, the central government has only conducted a daily average of 240 PCR tests since 2 March.[265]
Tests and treatment
Reports surfaced about patients in Jabodetabek having to wait for a long time to get tests or treatment for possible cases as referral hospitals face the increasing strain.[266] University of Indonesia epidemiologist Pandu Riono said that rapid diagnostic tests as a requirement for travelling has been commercialized, capitalizing on the public's fear of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to him, RDTs are not a part of pandemic countermeasures, because it was only a serology survey to quantify how many people are infected.[267] Critique was also expressed by Minister of Health Budi Sadikin, who said that COVID tests were misapplied, because they should have been conducted to suspected COVID cases, but instead the tests were conducted to people who just want to check themselves for journey or other purposes, so the tests are pointless.[268]
Additional death rates excluded from official counts
According to a Reuters report, as of 28 April 2020, there were around 2,200 patients who had died with coronavirus symptoms, but not included into the official death toll of 693. This suggests that Indonesia has a higher death rate than the official counts.[269] An analysis by Financial Times showed that there were 1,400 more deaths in Jakarta compared to the historical average number of deaths in March and April. This excess deaths figure is 15 times the official figure of 90 COVID-19 deaths in this same period.[270]
Travel restrictions and evasions
Prohibition of mudik for all of Indonesia was enacted after the pandemic worsens. In a 21 April teleconference, Jokowi announced that the government would prohibit mudik for residents of red zones. The prohibition was effective per 24 April. The implementation would be step-by-step; sanctions for violators was effective per 7 May.[271] Previously, mudik prohibition was only effective for civil servants, BUMN employees, and TNI-POLRI.[272]
Initially, the government only advises people to not mudik. On 2 April, Presidential Speaker Fadjroel Rachman says that there was no official mudik prohibition for people with the caveat that pemudik must be supervised by local governments.[273] The same was stated by ad interim Minister of Transportation Luhut Pandjaitan.[274]
President Jokowi received criticisms for mudik regulations vagueness and decision-making slowness. Criticisms came from the Indonesian Doctors Association,[275] YLKI,[276] observers,[277] and politicians as well as DPR-RI members.[272] The prohibition is said to come too late because mudik had already started before the enaction of the prohibition.[277] Central Java governor Ganjar Pranowo said that 600,000 people entered the region before the enactment of the prohibition.[278] The spread of corona in several regions are linked to pemudik, especially from Jakarta as the epicenter of spread.[279] West Java governor Ridwan Kamil said that several kabupaten in his region with COVID-19 cases were "mudik victims".[280] In West Java alone, 253,000 has entered before the enactment of the prohibition.[281]
On 30 March, Jokowi admitted that there has been an acceleration of mudik wave. "Since the declaration of emergency in Jakarta, there has been an acceleration of mudik wave, especially of informal workers from Jabodetabek to West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta," said President Jokowi on a limited meeting which was televised live.[282] However, on a 21 April interview with Najwa Shihab, Jokowi referred to the movement of people happening before the enactment of the prohibition as pulang kampung.[283] Mudik contributed to the spread of the virus in Indonesia,[284] despite government regulations on social distancing and despite a lockdown slated to run until June.[285]
Also, despite the travel restrictions which suspended all passengers to travel outside areas with at least one confirmed case, many Indonesians disregarded it and have attempted to evade the travel restrictions to return to hometown during Idul Fitri season. This caused scientists to raise concern that this evasion would lead to the diseases which can spread easily from Jakarta and nearby satellite cities, where it is the epicenter of the pandemic, to other regions of Indonesia with weak medical facilities which were arguably unable to handle large numbers of outbreak.[286]
There were also a few attempts to evade the travel restrictions which were discovered by the police department, such as one of the cargo trucks which was stopped, in which an intermodal container was hiding a car with passengers inside, to be transported from Java to Sumatra. An additional four cargo trucks were also detained when the driver attempting to bring 20 passengers from Jakarta inside the containers which were covered with tarpaulin.[286]
Lack of safety in tobacco industries
Despite the temporary closure of HM Sampoerna due to two workers dying from COVID-19, with additional 63 workers tested positive, Pandu Riono, the epidemiologist from University of Indonesia reported that other cigarette factories in East and West Java will continue to operate without practicing social distancing and workers never wearing face masks. This sparks concern that the cigarette factories could create new clusters for the COVID-19 pandemic considering that this industry usually has large workforce.[286]
Influencer budget
The government faced harsh responses after announcing an IDR 72 billion budget to pay influencers to attract tourists to Indonesia.[287] According to INDEF researcher Bhima Yudhistira, the government should have given incentives to sectors directly impacted by the pandemic, not to pay influencers to attract tourists.[288] Besides, messages from influencers to stay home are deemed ineffective because not all people can economically do it, especially from the lower class, informal workers, and day laborers who must work outside the house to fulfill their basic needs.[289]
Impact
Socioeconomic
In the first weeks of the pandemic, surgical face masks in Indonesia soared in price by over six times the original retail value from around IDR 30,000 to IDR 185,000 (some sources said it exceeded IDR 300,000) per box in some outlets after the announcement that two citizens had tested positive for coronavirus.[290] Panic buying was reported since mid-February before the first cases were confirmed.[291] There were also shortages of thermometers, antiseptics and hand sanitizers within a few hours after the government announces COVID-19 cases in Indonesia.[292] President Jokowi condemned the hoarding of face masks and hand sanitizers[293] and police started to crack down on suspected hoarders.[294]
Census
Indonesia prepared to extend the online time for self-enumeration, and cancel all field data collection. They relied on administrative data and had requested additional UNFPA technical support for using administrative data for census.[295]
Education
The Ministry of Education implemented remote learning starting March 2020. Research by ISEAS shows that there were education inequalities in Indonesia. 69 million students lost access to education, while students from more well-off families felt easier during the transition to remote learning. Only 40% of Indonesians have internet access.[296]
According to the research, there are four steps that can be taken to carry out teacher-student interactions. First, using phones and internet apps. Second, teacher visits to student homes. Third, at-school assignments then to be done at home and turned in at school again. Fourth, teachers can interact indirectly to students, such as via television or radio. In some cases, students may not be studying at all.[297]
Minimal electricity and internet access became the main problems in remote learning during the pandemic. April 2020 Ministry of Education data shows that 40,779 or 18% of grade and middle schools don't have internet access, while 7,552 or 3% of schools don't even have electricity.[298] To address these issues, there were initiatives like radio learning, aid smartphones, and data plans, until the Ministry of Education policy to subsidize data plans starting 28 August.[296]
Economic
Following the worldwide trend of stock price drops, the IDX Composite weakened even before the first confirmation of the disease in Indonesia.[299] In response to expected economic slowdown due to the loss of Chinese economic activity, Bank Indonesia cut its interest rates by 25 basis points to 4.75% on 20 February.[300] On 12 March, as the WHO declared pandemic, IDX Composite tumbled 4.2% to 4,937 when Thursday's session was opened, a level unseen in almost four years.[301]
On 13 March, equity trading halted for the first time since 2008 over pandemic.[302] On 19 March, IDX Composite halted because of the sharp downturn of more than 5%. This is the fourth trading halt that IDX Composite experienced during the coronavirus crisis. The four trading halts happened on 12 March at 15:33 WIB, 13 March at 9:15:33 JATS, 17 March at 15:02 JATS, and 19 March 9:37 JATS. The fifth happened on 23 March at 14:52:09 JATS.[303] Indonesia Financial Service Authority or OJK have mandated a suspension of trading if IDX Composite fell down more than 15%.[304]
Numbers of shopping malls started to voluntarily close due to declining foot traffic; only pharmacies, groceries and ATM still operate with limited hours.[305]
Indonesian Finance Minister predicted that Indonesian economic growth Q2 can drop to 0% or even -2.6%, but in Q3 can recover to 1.5 to 2.8%.[306]
Indonesia's economic growth in the first quarter of 2020 stood at 2.97%, but it is the weakest economic growth recorded since 2001.[307] The second-quarter contraction was recorded to be 5.32%, exceeding both government and economists' predictions. Though many economists, such as Brian Tan at Barclays, Radhika Rao at DBS and Helmi Arman at Citi still expect the economy to contract in 2020.[308] It was estimated in August that as many as 3.7 million Indonesians may have lost their jobs. The contraction was the steepest economic drop Indonesia has experienced since the Asian financial crisis.[309]
Brian Tan, Barclays Investment Bank's regional economist, noted that private consumption, government consumption and fixed investment all fell in Q2 as social distancing measures under Indonesia's large-scale social restriction measures, or Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), have stifled economic activity. This led to a collapse in imports, which outpaced the decline in exports, he said in a report. Barclays thus slashed its 2020 GDP forecast further to a 1.3% contraction, down from 1% contraction, Mr Tan said, which is below the central bank's earlier GDP growth forecast range of 0.9 to 1.9%.[310]
Decrease of income
The government had assessed the economic impact and decrease of income in all provinces based on low, middle, and high severity. The scenarios were communicated by President Jokowi in a meeting with governors, mayors, and regents from all of Indonesia on 24 March. The scenarios referred to economic resilience of provinces and the decrease of income of economic actors. In a middle severity scenario, the income of day laborers in West Nusa Tenggara would decrease by 25% and would only last to June–September. In the MSME sector, the greatest decrease of income would happen in North Kalimantan at 36% and would only last to August–October. For ojek and angkot drivers, the greatest decrease of income would happen in North Sumatra at 44%.[311] For fishers and farmers, the greatest decrease of income would happen in West Kalimantan at 34% and would only last to October–November.[312]
Rupiah exchange rate
On 17 March, the rupiah weakened to IDR 15,000 per dollar, touching a level unseen since October 2018.[313] On 23 March, it almost touched IDR 16,000.[314] To prevent it from touching IDR 17,000, Bank Indonesia used US$7 billion of forex reserves, so by late March the reserves were US$121 billion, decreasing US$9,4 billion from February. Bank Indonesia also bought IDR 166.2 trillion of government bonds sold by foreign investors.[315] On 30 April the rupiah bounded back to IDR 15,000.[316] On 8 June, it drastically strengthened to IDR 13,000.[317] On 12 June, it weakened again to IDR 14,000.[318]
Sports, tourism, and leisure
Indonesian tourism has been severely affected. In March, overall tourist numbers fell by 64%, and Chinese tourists by 97%.[319] Bali, where tourism accounts for 60% of GRP, had witnessed its foreign tourist arrivals fell by 93.2% in April.[320] Hotels were taking on a meager occupancy rate, with some hotels experiencing 5% and even 0% occupancy rate due to overspecialization on Chinese visitors, increasing travel restrictions from source countries, and an overall fear of the virus.[321] There was, however, an increase in interest for domestic tourism,[322] and Chinese tourists which had already been on the island generally opted to extend their stay.[323] All beaches in Bali were temporarily closed for the public.[324]
The 2020 edition of the National Sports Week (PON) in Papua, which was initially slated for October, has been postponed until next year.[325][326] Jakarta ePrix race of the 2019–20 Formula E season would also be postponed due to coronavirus concerns,[327] then later cancelled after the rescheduling calendar involving Berlin ePrix for the season-ending triple header. The city's Capital Investment and One-Stop Service (PM-PTSP) announced it plans to postpone any public events with mass-gatherings from March to April following the news of an increasing number of COVID-19 cases to 27.[328]
Numerous music events such as by Rich Brian,[329] Hammersonic Festival,[330] Dream Theater,[331] Babymetal, Slipknot, ONE OK ROCK,[332] and electronic dance music festival "We Are Connected"[333] have been suspended in the country.
Several local films, such as Tersanjung The Movie, Generasi 90-an: Melankolia, and KKN di Desa Penari have been delayed, also because of the pandemic; the latter has been postponed for the second time due to the Omicron variant.[334][335][336][337]
The government through the Ministry of Education and Culture Directorate-General of Culture launched Apresiasi Pelaku Budaya, which targeted cultural actors with certain criteria who were impacted by the pandemic. By 8 June, the program accommodated 29,781 cultural actors with 266,606 works of art under 11 themes.[338][339]
The 2020 Indonesia International Motor Show was postponed due to the pandemic, then later cancelled.[340][341]
The 2020 edition of both the Indonesia Open and Indonesia Masters Super 100 were cancelled due to the pandemic.[342][343]
Starting on 19 December 2020, Bali required its domestic visitors who would travel by air during the Christmas and New Year holiday to perform a PCR test, or an antigen test if they are entering by land or sea.[344] Due to the sudden regulation, 133,000 would-be visitors asked for plane ticket refund, with losses estimated at 317 billion IDR.[345]
The 2021 FIFA U-20 World Cup, which would have been hosted in Indonesia on 20 May-12 June 2021, was cancelled by FIFA on 24 December. Despite the cancellation, Indonesia was awarded the right to host the subsequent FIFA U-20 World Cup instead.[346]
Transition to endemic stage
On 18 May 2022, the Governor of Bali, I Wayan Koster, requested that Bali receive an endemic status to COVID-19 in order to "accelerate the recovery of Bali's tourism and economy".[347]
On 20 September 2022, it was reported that the country of Indonesia is "...posed to reach COVID-19 endemic stage".[348]
On 30 December 2022, the government revoked large-scale social restrictions and lifted the restrictions in all regions in the country.[349]
On 21 June 2023, President Joko Widodo officially announced the revocation of the COVID-19 pandemic status in Indonesia. With this revocation, Indonesia will enter an endemic period.[350]
On 5 August 2023, President Joko Widodo officially ended the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Jokowi also disbanded the Committee for Handling COVID-19 and National Economic Recovery or KPC PEN.[351]
Referral and examiner laboratories
On 16 March, Minister of Health Terawan Agus Putranto officially signed the Minister of Health Decree HK.01.07MENKES/187/2020 which designated 1 national COVID-19 referral laboratory and 12 COVID-19 examiner laboratories. The Ministry of Health Research and Development Agency Laboratory was designated as the referral laboratory and while the other 12 laboratories are designated according to their locations throughout Indonesia.[352]
As the national COVID-19 referral laboratory, the Agency Laboratory had the authority to confirm samples of COVID-19 patients obtained from the 12 examiner laboratories, to be forwarded to the Directorate General of Disease Prevention and Control and the Directorate General of Health Service.[353] The testing process is free of charge.[354] However, to be able to take the test, one must fulfill the following criteria with referral from related public health facilities:[355]
- had come in direct contact with someone tested positive for COVID-19
- within the last 14 days has traveled to infected countries before the appearance of symptoms
- experiencing fever above 38 °C with other symptoms such as coughing, flu, muscle sores, shortness of breath, or mild to severe pneumonia.
The 12 examiner laboratories are:[353][354][355]
- Jakarta Office of Health Laboratory, covering Maluku, North Maluku, West Sumatra, North Sumatra, and Aceh.
- Palembang Office of Health laboratory, covering Bengkulu, Bangka-Belitung, South Sumatra, Jambi, and Lampung.
- Makassar Office of Health Laboratory, covering Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and South Sulawesi.
- Surabaya Office of Health Laboratory, covering South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, and North Kalimantan.
- Papua Office of Health Laboratory, covering Papua and West Papua.
- Jakarta Technical Office of Environmental Health and Disease Control, covering Riau, Riau Islands, West Java, West Kalimantan, and Banten.
- Surabaya Technical Office of Environmental Health and Disease Control, covering East Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara.
- Yogyakarta Technical Office of Environmental Heath and Disease Control, covering Yogyakarta and Central Java.
- Jakarta Regional Health Laboratory, covering DKI Jakarta.
- Eijkman Instituut, covering DKI Jakarta.
- University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, covering RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and RS Universitas Indonesia.
- University of Airlangga Faculty of Medicine, covering RSUD Dr. Soetomo and RS Universitas Airlangga.
Notable deaths
Below is the list of prominent Indonesians who died from COVID-19:
- Abdul Gafur, ex Minister of Youth and Sports[356]
- Adang Sudrajat, member of the People's Representative Council[357]
- Adi Darma, ex mayor of Bontang[358]
- Ahmad Djuhara, architect[359]
- Alex Hesegem, ex vice governor of Papua[360]
- Ali Jaber, preacher[a][361]
- Ali Taher, member of the People's Representative Council[362]
- Amris, vice mayor of Dumai[363]
- Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga, bishop[364]
- Aptripel Tumimomor, regent of North Morowali[365]
- Aria Baron, guitarist[366]
- Arief Harsono, businessman[367]
- Aswin Efendi Siregar, ex vice regent of South Tapanuli[368]
- Bahrum Daido, ex vice regent of Luwu[369]
- Bambang Suryadi, member of the People's Representative Council[370]
- Bens Leo, journalist[371]
- Burhan Abdurahman, ex mayor of Ternate[372]
- Clara Eunike, member of Shojo Complex[373]
- Dadang Hawari, psychiatrist[374]
- Dadang Wigiarto, regent of Situbondo[375]
- Dani Anwar, member of Regional Representative Council[376]
- Dorce Gamalama, singer, actress, and comedian[377]
- Dudu Duswara, justice of the Supreme Court[378]
- Edward Antony, vice regent of Way Kanan[379]
- Edy Oglek, comedian[380]
- Eka Supria Atmaja, regent of Bekasi[381]
- Eliaser Yentji Sunur, regent of Lembata[382]
- Enny Sri Hartati, economist[367]
- Farida Pasha, actress[383]
- Ferdy Nico Yohannes Piay, Indonesia's vice ambassador for India[384]
- Frans Volva, esports commentator[385]
- Frederik Batti Sorring, ex regent of North Toraja[386]
- Fuad Alkhar, actor and comedian[387]
- Gatot Sudjito, member of the People's Representative Council[388]
- Gusli Topan Sabara, vice regent of Konawe[389]
- Gusur Adhikarya, writer[367]
- Harmoko, ex Minister of Information[390]
- Hasyim Afandi, ex regent of Temanggung[391]
- Ibnu Saleh, inactive regent of Central Bangka[392]
- Imam Suroso, member of the People's Representative Council[393]
- Jalaludin Rakhmat, member of the People's Representative Council[394]
- Jane Shalimar, actress[367]
- Jimmy Demianus Ijie, member of the People's Representative Council[395]
- John Siffy Mirin, member of the People's Representative Council[396]
- Juliadi, mayor-elect of Binjai[397]
- Junaedi Salat, actor[398]
- Koes Hendratmo, singer[399]
- Kuryana Azis, regent of Ogan Komering Ulu[400]
- Lukman Niode, swimming athlete[401]
- Mahyuddin N. S., ex governor of South Sumatra[402]
- Malkan Amin, candidate for regent of Barru[403]
- Manteb Soedharsono, puppeteer[404]
- Masriadi Martunus, ex regent of Tanah Datar[405]
- Masud Yunus, mayor of Mojokerto[406]
- Mochammad Soufis Subri, vice mayor of Probolinggo[407]
- Mohamad Assegaf, lawyer[367]
- Muhammad Amin, ex vice governor of West Nusa Tenggara[408]
- Muharram, regent of Berau[409]
- Muladi, ex Minister of Justice[410]
- Muslihan Diding Sutrisno, ex regent of North Bengkulu[411]
- Muspandi, member of Regional People's Representative Council[412]
- Naek L. Tobing, physician, sexologist, and writer[413]
- Nadjmi Adhani, mayor of Banjarbaru[414]
- Nasrul Abit, ex vice governor of West Sumatra[415]
- Neneng Anjarwati, singer[416]
- Nur Achmad Syaifuddin, acting regent of Sidoarjo[417]
- Nur Supriyanto, member of Regional People's Representative Council[418]
- Pollycarpus Budihari Priyanto, murderer of Munir Said Thalib[419]
- Rachmawati Sukarnoputri, politician and daughter of Sukarno[420]
- Raditya Oloan Panggabean, pastor and influencer[a][421]
- Raja'e, vice regent of Pamekasan[a][422]
- Rina Gunawan, actress[423]
- Ronggur Sihombing, film director[424]
- Rossalis Rusman Adenan, Indonesia's ambassador for Sudan[425]
- Saefullah, regional secretary of Jakarta[426]
- Sugiharto, ex Minister of State Owned Enterprises[427]
- Soepriyatno, member of the People's Representative Council[428]
- Soraya Abdullah, actress[429]
- Steven Nugraha, singer and vocalist of Steven & Coconut Treez[430]
- Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya, ex Minister of Cooperatives and Small Business[431]
- Sudjati, regent of Bulungan[432]
- Syahrul, mayor of Tanjungpinang[433]
- Syamsuddin Mahmud, ex governor of Aceh[434]
- Tasiman, ex regent of Pati[435]
- Tengku Zulkarnain, cleric[436]
- Thohari Aziz, vice mayor of Balikpapan[437]
- Thoriq Husler, regent-elect of East Luwu[438]
- Umbu Landu Paranggi, poet[439]
- Wikan Satriati, writer[440]
- Yasin Payapo, regent of West Seram[441]
- Yopie Latul, singer[442]
Notes
References
- ^ Rebecca Ratcliffe (2 March 2020). "First coronavirus cases confirmed in Indonesia amid fears nation is ill-prepared for an outbreak". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia confirms first cases of coronavirus". Bangkok Post. Reuters. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia's COVID-19 recoveries beat active cases for the first time". Jakarta Globe. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ Allard, Tom; Lamb, Kate (28 April 2020). "Exclusive: More than 2,200 Indonesians have died with coronavirus symptoms, data shows". Reuters. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ "Soal PSBB Jawa-Bali, Pemerintah Kenalkan Istilah PPKM". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 January 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
- ^ Yanwardhana, Emir (30 December 2022). "PPKM Dicabut, Jokowi: Kekebalan Penduduk RI Sangat Tinggi!". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Rizqo, Kanavino Ahmad (30 December 2022). "Jokowi Resmi Umumkan PPKM Dicabut!". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Ramadhan, Ardito (30 December 2022). Santosa, Bagus (ed.). "Pemerintah Putuskan Cabut PPKM Mulai Hari Ini". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas Cyber Media. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Stanley Widianto (13 January 2021). "Indonesia launches vaccination drive as COVID-19 deaths hit record". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ "Vaksin Dashboard" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ Msemburi, William; Karlinsky, Ariel; Knutson, Victoria; Aleshin-Guendel, Serge; Chatterji, Somnath; Wakefield, Jon (January 2023). "The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic". Nature. 613 (7942): 130–137. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9812776.
- ^ "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Reynolds, Matt (4 March 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Randy Mulyanto; Febriana Firdaus (18 February 2020). "Why Are There No Reported Cases of Coronavirus in Indonesia?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
- ^ Desca Lidya Natalia (2 March 2020). Zita Meirina (ed.). "Presiden: Ibu-anak warga Indonesia positif COVID-19" (in Indonesian). Antara News Agency. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Dimas Jarot Bayu (3 March 2020). Happy Fajrian (ed.). "Kondisi Dua WNI yang Positif Virus Corona Semakin Membaik". KataData.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Egi Adyatama (8 March 2020). Syailendra Persada (ed.). "Kasus 05 WNI Virus Corona Diduga dari Kluster Warga Jepang". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Dani Prabowo (2 March 2020). Diamanty Meiliana (ed.). "Kasus Positif Corona di Indonesia Terungkap dari Telepon WN Jepang". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Egi Adyatama; Joniansyah Hardjono; Diko Oktara (9 March 2020). "Pasien Baru Corona Terhubung dengan Kluster Jakarta". Koran Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Marlinda Oktavia Erwanti (8 March 2020). "Pasien Kasus 5 yang Positif Corona dari 'Kelompok Dansa'". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Abdul Basith (8 March 2020). Syamsul Azhar (ed.). "Satu lagi kasus positif virus corona berasal dari klaster pesta dansa di Jakarta". Kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ "Pasien Corona dari Kelompok Dansa Terus Bertambah". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 9 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Agung Sandy Lesmana (9 March 2020). "Pasien Baru Suspect Corona di RSPI SS Gabung Grup Klub Dansa di Jakarta". Suara.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ "Indonesian maid in Singapore tests positive for coronavirus". The Jakarta Post. Agence France-Presse. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Angga Riza (11 March 2020). "Pasien Corona Kasus 25 Meninggal Dunia di RSUP Sanglah Bali". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ Achmad Dwi Afriyadi (16 March 2020). "Telkom Buka Suara Ada Karyawannya Meninggal Positif Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Isal Mawardi (16 March 2020). "Istri-Anak Pegawai Telkom yang Meninggal di Cianjur Juga Kena Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ "Kemenkes Kenalkan Istilah Probable, Suspect, Kontak Erat dan Terkonfirmasi COVID-19". Sehat Negeriku. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ "Arti Zona Hijau, Kuning, dan Merah Daerah Corona versi Mendagri". KumparanNews. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ Stanley Widianto; Agustinus Beo Da Costa; Jessica Damiana (13 February 2020). "Indonesia traces movements of Chinese tourist with coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Indonesian Official Says Japanese Coronavirus Patient Who Visited Bali Infected With SARS-CoV-2, Not COVID-19". Coconuts Media. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Khadijah Nur Azizah (29 February 2020). "Terbang Via Bali, WN Selandia Baru Positif COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Three people in Singapore latest to test positive for COVID-19 after visiting Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Siret, Mal; Jackson, Patrick (2 March 2020). "EU raises virus risk level as deaths worldwide top 3,000". BBC News. No. Coronavirus. BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Nanda Perdana Putra (2 March 2020). "Wali Kota Depok: 50 Orang Lebih Terindikasi Virus Corona". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). No. Coronavirus. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia Says Suspected Coronavirus Patient Dies of Swine Flu". Jakarta Globe. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Perdana Putra (13 March 2020). Aprillia Ika (ed.). "Satu Pasien Suspect Corona Meninggal Dunia di RSUP M Djamil Padang". Kompas.com (in Indonesian).
- ^ "Sesak Napas, Penumpang AirAsia Dibawa ke RSUP M Djamil Padang". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 16 March 2020.
- ^ Yola Sastra (16 March 2020). "Satu Penumpang dari Malaysia Dirujuk ke RSUP Dr M Djamil Padang". Kompas (in Indonesian).
- ^ Laila Syafarud (16 March 2020). Budhi Santoso (ed.). "RSUP M Djamil Padang masih periksa penumpang pesawat asal Malaysia" (in Indonesian). Antara News Agency.
- ^ "Penumpang Pesawat dari Malaysia Dilaporkan Meninggal di RSUP M Djamil". hariansinggalang.id. 16 March 2020.
- ^ Chairunnisa, Ninis (14 March 2020). "Istana Klaim Sebagian Rekomendasi WHO Sudah Dijalankan Jokowi". Tempo. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ Liputan6.com (21 March 2020). "ADB Hibahkan USD 3 Juta Bantu Indonesia Lawan Virus Corona". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 May 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Oktari, Rosi; et al. (30 April 2020). "Dukungan Internasional untuk Indonesia Tangani COVID-19" [International Aid for Indonesia to Counter COVID-19]. Indonesia Baik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ a b Muchtar Nasir (11 March 2020). "Menteri Kesehatan Tetapkan 132 Rumah Sakit Rujukan COVID-19". Info Infeksi Emerging Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Da Costa, Agustinus Beo; Suroyo, Gayatri; Davies, Ed; Cushing, Christopher; Kerry, Frances (2 February 2020). "Indonesia bars entry to visitors from China amid evacuation protest". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Lima Protokol Penanganan Jadi Pedoman Utama Cegah dan Kendalikan COVID-19" [5 Handling Protocols Become Main Guidelines to Prevent and Control COVID-19]. Infeksi Emerging Kemkes (in Indonesian). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Apriza Pinandita (5 March 2020). "COVID-19: Indonesia bars people from hardest-hit regions in Iran, South Korea, Italy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Indonesia still allows flights to and from South Korea amid travel ban". The Jakarta Post. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Shi Yinglun (2 March 2020). "2 Indonesians found infected with COVID-19 domestically". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ "Indonesian border authorities implement thermal scanners at airports due to coronavirus outbreak". Newsflare. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Alan Weedon (2 March 2020). "Coronavirus COVID-19 has now reached Indonesia, President Joko Widodo confirms". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Petir Garda Bhwana (4 March 2020). "Coronavirus Update; MRT Begins Checking Passengers' Temperature". Tempo. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Dwiputra, Krisna Octavianus. "Cara Menggunakan Termometer Tembak yang Benar". www.klikdokter.com. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ Ihsanuddin. Diamanty Meiliana (ed.). "Kasus Covid-19 Terus Bertambah: Sulitnya Deteksi di Bandara dan Tracing Kontak". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Fadli (4 March 2020). "Indonesia to turn former Vietnamese refugee camp into hospital for COVID-19 patients". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Sidik, Farih Maulana. "Ini Susunan Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Corona yang Dipimpin Kepala BNPB". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Andhika Prasetia. "Cegah Tertular Corona, Mendagri Minta Kepala Daerah hingga DPRD Tak ke LN". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Jokowi calls for 'social distancing' to stem virus spread". The Jakarta Post. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Endah Caratri (17 March 2020). "Pelaporan SPT Tahunan Wajib Pajak OP Mundur ke 30 April". Berita Daerah. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Ardan Adhi Chandra. "Pegawai Kementerian BUMN Usia 50 Tahun Kerja dari Rumah Mulai Senin". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Emy Trimahanani (16 March 2020). "Jokowi, Kurangi Mobilitas untuk Cegah Penularan COVID-19, Bukan Lockdown". Berita Daerah. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Hanny Nugrahani (16 March 2020). "Platform Gratis Bagi Siswa Belajar di Rumah, Kerjasama Dengan Mendikbud". Vibizmedia.com. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Emy Trimahanani (17 March 2020). "Demi Penyelamatan Rakyat, Menkeu Siapkan Rp 1 Triliun Tangani Penyebaran Corona". Berita Daerah. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Dandy Bayu Bramasta. Sari Hardiyanto (ed.). "Berikut Protokol Kesehatan jika Alami Gejala Virus Corona". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Lakukan Protokol Kesehatan ini jika Mengalami Gejala Covid-19". Sehat Negeriku (in Indonesian). 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Andhika Prasetia. "Cegah Persebaran Corona, Travelers dari 8 Negara Ini Dilarang Masuk RI". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Govt launches official website furnishing information on COVID-19". Antara. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ Tim. "Informasi tentang Corona Satu Pintu, Pemerintah Luncurkan Situs COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ Tim. "Pemerintah Tambah RS untuk Perawatan Pasien Virus Corona, Totalnya 359". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Hendra Kusuma. "Wisma Atlet Kemayoran Jadi Tempat Isolasi Pasien Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Melihat Kapasitas Wisma Atlet, Lokasi Isolasi Pasien Corona". ekonomi (in Indonesian). Jakarta: CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Deti Mega Purnamasari. Krisiandi (ed.). "Wisma Atlet untuk Pasien Covid-19, Wapres: Ada 1.800 Tempat Tidur". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Seto Wardhana (22 March 2020). "Video: Former Asian Games athletes village turned into COVID-19 hospital". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ Alfred Pakasi. "BI Memangkas BI 7-DRRR ke 4,50%, Rilis 7 Langkah Kebijakan; Memitigasi Risiko COVID-19". Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "Jokowi: Segera Lakukan Rapid Test Corona, Alat Harus Diperbanyak". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "Satu Juta Rapid Test Kit untuk 700 Ribu Orang Berisiko". Republika Online. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "Keunggulan Rapid Test Virus Corona: Hasil Cepat Keluar, Bisa 15 Menit". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Syarifah, Fitri; Harsono, Fitri Haryanti; Prasasti, Giovani Dio (21 March 2020). "HEADLINE: Impor Alat dan Obat Sudah Datang, Bagaimana Skema Tes Massal Corona COVID-19?" [HEADLINE: Equipment and Drug Imports Have Arrived, How Will the COVID-19 Mass Test Scheme Be?]. Liputan 6 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Nanda Permana Putra (2 April 2020). "Isi Maklumat Kapolri Terkait Corona yang Buat Kapolsek Kembangan Dicopot". Liputan6. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ detikcom, Tim; Alfons, Matius (20 March 2020). "Jokowi Pesan 2 Juta Obat Avigan – 3 Juta Klorokuin untuk Kesembuhan Pasien Corona" [Jokowi Orders 2 Million Avigan – 3 Million Klorokuin for Recovery of Corona Patients]. detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "Erick Thohir Siapkan 4,7 Juta Masker untuk Stop Corona" [Erick Thohir Prepares 4,7 Million Masks to Stop Corona]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 20 March 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Afriyadi, Achmad Dwi. "Erick Thohir Siapkan Rumah Sakit dan Hotel BUMN Tangani Corona". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Cahyani, Dewi Rina (19 March 2020). "Menyulap Hotel dan Wisma Atlet Jadi Rumah Sakit Corona". Tempo. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Persada, Syailendra (26 March 2020). "3 Hari Beroperasi, RS Darurat Corona Wisma Atlet Rawat 208 Pasien". Tempo. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "Pembaruan: Daftar Sementara Produk Rumah Tangga untuk Disinfeksi Virus Corona Penyebab COVID-19" [Update: Tentative List of Household Products to Disinfect Corona Virus, the Cause of COVID-19] (in Indonesian). 27 March 2020.
- ^ Ardila Syakriah (26 March 2020). "Indonesia may ban Idul Fitri exodus to stop COVID-19 transmission". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Jokowi refuses to impose lockdown on Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Buses still able to leave and enter Jakarta despite calls for quarantine". The Jakarta Post. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Marchio Irfan Gorbiano; Adrian Wail Akhlas (31 March 2020). "Indonesia announces IDR 405 trillion COVID-19 budget, anticipates 5% deficit in historic move". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Kanavino Ahmad Rizqo (14 April 2020). "Menko Mahfud: Keppres Bencana Nasional Tak Bisa Jadi Dasar Force Majeur!".
- ^ Marchio Irfan Gorbiano (21 April 2020). "Breaking: Jokowi bans 'mudik' as Ramadan approaches". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia to ban air, sea travel till early June amid coronavirus pandemic". The Straits Times. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ a b Nurbaiti Alya; Roidila Riza (23 April 2020). "Govt temporarily bans passenger travel to prevent 'mudik'". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ Palencia, Gustavo; Lambert, Lisa (24 April 2020). "Trump says U.S. sending ventilators, coronavirus help to Latin America, Asia". Reuters. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ Marchio Irfan Gorbiano; Alya Nurbaiti (25 April 2020). "Trump agrees to send Indonesia medical supplies following call with Jokowi". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Pemerintah tetapkan insentif penerbangan, tiket pesawat diskon hingga 50%". Kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). 25 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ a b Aria Ananda. "Jurus Jokowi Lawan Virus Corona dengan Diskon Tiket Pesawat". CNNIndonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Lihat Nih! Terbang ke 10 Destinasi Wisata Ini, Diskonnya hingga 50%". Warta Ekonomi (in Indonesian). 26 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ a b Media, Kompas Cyber (14 March 2020). "Ini Daftar Stimulus Ekonomi untuk Redam Dampak Corona". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ JUD/DIM/LAS (20 March 2020). "Rp 121,3 Triliun untuk Tangani Covid-19". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Wildan, Muhammad; Rahardyan, Aziz (21 March 2020). "PENANGANAN WABAH COVID-19 : Eksekusi Anggaran Mendesak" [TACKLING THE COVID-19 PLAGUE : Budget Execution Is Urgent]. Bisnis Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Tri, Rahma (23 March 2020). "Izin Impor Alkes Corona Dialihkan ke BNPB, Begini Prosedurnya". Tempo. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Kusuma, Hendra. "Sri Mulyani Bebaskan Pajak Impor Alat Kesehatan Penanganan Corona". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Ramadhani, Pipit Ika (3 June 2020). Gideon, Arthur (ed.). "Anggaran Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional Capai Rp 677 Triliun, Ini Rinciannya" [National Economic Recovery Budget Reaches IDR 677 Trillion, These Are The Details]. Liputan 6 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Akhlas, Adran Wail (4 June 2020). "Indonesia unveils bigger stimulus worth $47.6 billion to fight coronavirus impacts - Business". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Bayu, Dimas Jarot (3 June 2020). Agustiyanti (ed.). "Stimulus Ekonomi Bertambah, Defisit APBN Membengkak Jadi Rp 1.039,2 T - Makro Katadata.co.id" [Economic Stimulus Increases, State Budget Deficit Swells to IDR 1039.2 Trillion - Katadata.co.id Macro]. Katadata (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ a b Kusuma, Hendra. "Sri Mulyani Jelaskan Defisit APBN Melebar ke Rp 1.039 T". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ a b Victoria, Agatha Olivia (5 June 2020). Jatmiko, Agung (ed.). "Gubernur BI Sebut Pembiayaan Defisit APBN dari BI Langkah Terakhir - Makro Katadata.co.id" [BI Governor Said State Budget Deficit Financing from BI Is Last Resort - Katadata.co.id Macro]. Katadata (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Irawan, Karina Isna (5 June 2020). "Defisit Anggaran Melebar, Pembiayaan Utang Naik Jadi Rp 1.220,3 Triliun" [Budget Deficit Widens, Debt Financing Rises to IDR 1,220.3 Trillion]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Irawan, Karina Isna (6 June 2020). Kurniawan, Mukhamad (ed.). "Defisit Melebar, Utang Bertambah" [Deficit Widens, Debt Increases]. ePaper Kompas (in Indonesian). pp. 1, 15. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ detikcom, Tim (21 May 2020). "Pemerintah: New Normal Adalah Hidup Bersih-Sehat, Bukan Pelonggaran PSBB" [Government: New Normal Is Living Clean-Healthy, Not Loosening of PSBB]. detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ "Jokowi Minta Warga Hidup Berdamai dengan Virus Corona" [Jokowi Asks People to Learn to Live With Corona Virus]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Putri, Zunita. "Pemerintah: Diksi New Normal Salah, Kami Ubah Jadi Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Anisatul Umah (21 March 2020). "Ini Daftar Pemda yang Sudah Tetapkan Darurat Corona". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ a b Vitorio Mantalean (28 March 2020). "Pemprov DKI Perpanjang Masa Tanggap Darurat Covid-19 sampai 19 April 2020". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Selvi Mayasari (26 March 2020). Khomarul Hidayat (ed.). "Cegah penyebaran corona, akses masuk pelabuhan di Papua tutup mulai 26 Maret". Kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Plt. Gubernur Aceh Tetapkan Status Tanggap Darurat Skala Provinsi COVID-19". humas.acehprov.go.id. Aceh Provincial Government. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Evalisa Siregar (31 March 2020). "Status Sumut naik menjadi Tanggap Darurat COVID −19". Antara News Agency. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Nurholis Huda (31 March 2020). Alpri Widianjono (ed.). "UPDATE CORONA KALSEL – Gubernur Perpanjang Masa Tanggap Darurat Covid-19". Tribun Banjarbaru. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Fahdi Fahlevi (13 April 2020). "Alasan Pemerintah Tolak Pengajuan PSBB dari Palangkaraya".
- ^ Nurhanisah, Yuli (5 May 2020). Andrean W., Finaka (ed.). "Penerapan PSBB di Sejumlah Wilayah Indonesia | Indonesia Baik" [Implementation of PSBB in Some Areas in Indonesia | Indonesia Baik]. Indonesia Baik (in Indonesian). Illustrated by Chyntia Devina. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Roziqin, Ali; Mas’udi, Syasya Y.F.; Sihidi, Iradhad T. (6 April 2021). "An analysis of Indonesian government policies against COVID-19". Public Administration and Policy. 24 (1): 92–107. doi:10.1108/pap-08-2020-0039. ISSN 1727-2645.
- ^ "Yang Perlu Diketahui dari PSBB Jakarta yang Berlaku Hari Ini". 10 April 2020.
- ^ Lisye Sri Rahayu (12 April 2020). "Cegah Corona, Kemenhub: Penumpang Pesawat Jurusan Daerah PSBB Dibatasi 50%".
- ^ Lisye Sri Rahayu (12 April 2020). "Kemenhub: Penumpang Kereta Api Jurusan Daerah PSBB Dibatasi 65%".
- ^ Donny Dwisatryo Priyantoro (16 April 2020). "Selama PSBB, Ojol di Kota Ini Tak Boleh Angkut Penumpang". kompas.com.
- ^ Agus Setyadi. "Cegah Corona, Pemprov Aceh Imbau Tak Cipika-cipiki hingga Jauhi Maksiat". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Antisipasi Corona, Mulai Senin Besok Sekolah di Aceh Libur, Siswa Bisa Belajar di Rumah". Tribun News. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Agus Setyadi. "Sabang Aceh Tolak Turis Asing untuk Cegah Penyebaran Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Bahtiar Rifa'i. "Banten KLB Virus Corona, Gubernur Liburkan Siswa Sekolah". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Labib Zamani. Khairina (ed.). "Solo KLB Corona, SD dan SMP Diliburkan 14 Hari". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Solo Deklarasikan KLB Corona". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Pemkab Sragen Liburkan Sekolah". Bisnis. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Angling Adhitya Purbaya. "Corona Mewabah, Gubernur Ganjar Liburkan Sekolah se-Jateng". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Sekolah Libur 2 Minggu, Salatiga Anggarkan IDR 3 Miliar Tangani Corona". Kompas. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Pemprov Jateng Resmi Perpanjang Libur Sekolah Sampai 13 April 2020. Kadisdikbud Sebut Demi Selamatkan Anak Karena Puncak Wabah Corona Diprediksi Terjadi Bulan April!". Joglosemar News (in Indonesian). 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Labib Zamani. Teuku Muhammad Valdy Arief (ed.). "KLB Virus Corona Solo Diperpanjang sampai 13 April, Razia Siswa yang Berkeliaran Digiatkan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ a b Almira Nindya. "Semarang Dan Sukoharjo Tetapkan Masa "Libur" Sekolah Diperpanjang". RMOLJateng. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Pemkot Salatiga Perpanjang Pembelajaran Daring hingga 13 April 2020". SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Tegal Lockdown: 49 Jalan Akan Ditutup Beton, Tamu Diisolasi". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Ganjar Bantah Kota Tegal Local Lockdown: Hanya Alun-alun Saja". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ Arief Ikhsanudin (2 March 2020). "Ada Positif Corona, Anies Tak Keluarkan Izin Keramaian Baru". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Nursita Sari (3 March 2020). "Dampak Virus Corona, Pemprov DKI Tangguhkan Izin 3 Konser Ini". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Andika Aditia (14 March 2020). "Virus Corona Jadi Pandemi, Konser Dream Theater di Indonesia Ditunda". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Arief Ikhsanudin. "Anies Tutup Monas, Ragunan hingga Ancol 2 Pekan untuk Cegah Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ Nursita Sari (13 March 2020). "Pemprov DKI Tutup Ancol, Ragunan hingga Monas Selama Dua Pekan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ Femi Diah (13 March 2020). "Bukan Hanya Monas-Ancol, Anies Juga Tutup 15 Tempat Wisata Lain". DetikTravel (in Indonesian). Jakarta: detikcom. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Doctor called Corona helps Indonesia battle coronavirus". The Star. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Jakarta suspends schools, exams for two weeks". The Jakarta Post. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Tiara Aliya Azzahra. "Pemprov DKI Siapkan 500–1.000 Tempat Tidur di RS Rujukan untuk PDP Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Muhammad Iqbal. "Anies Pangkas Rute & Jam Operasi TJ, MRT, dan LRT Jakarta". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Muhammad Iqbal. "TransJakarta Hanya Operasi 13 Rute Mulai Besok, Ini Daftarnya". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Arief Ikhsanudin. "Anies: Armada Bus Transjakarta-MRT Disesuaikan Seperti Semula di Rush Hour". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Muhammad Iqbal. "Mulai Besok, Anies Cabut Aturan Ganjil-Genap di Seluruh DKI". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Ahmad Bil Wahid. "Corona Ancam Jakarta, Anies Tetapkan Status Tanggap Darurat Bencana". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ Laila Afifa (2 April 2020). "Anies Baswedan Allocates Rp3tn to Fight Coronavirus Outbreak". Tempo. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Sausan Atika (8 April 2020). "COVID-19: Jakarta to tighten mobility restrictions". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ Petir Garda Bhwana (21 April 2020). "Jakarta Govt Prepares 136 Schools as Isolation Area for COVID-19". Tempo. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "Anies tarik rem darurat, Jakarta PSBB total". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 9 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ "Antisipasi Covid-19, Sekolah di Kota Malang Diliburkan". Kompas.id. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ "Gubernur Khofifah Putuskan Sekolah se-Jawa Timur Libur, UN Tetap Jalan". Liputan6. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Cegah Corona, Wali Kota Tutup Akses Keluar dan Masuk Kota Malang Mulai Lusa". merdeka.com. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Andi Hartik (16 March 2020). Dheri Agriesta (ed.). "Wali Kota: Tidak Ada Penutupan Akses Menuju Kota Malang". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ David Oliver Purba, ed. (20 March 2020). "9 Orang Positif Covid-19, Khofifah Tetapkan Jatim Darurat Virus Corona" [9 Positive People Covid-19, Khofifah Determine Corona Virus Emergency East Java]. Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "Sumut Naikkan Status Penanganan Virus Corona". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Danu Damarjati (24 March 2020). "Darurat Corona, Akses Keluar-Masuk Papua Ditutup!". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ M Rosseno Aji (25 March 2020). "Mendagri Tito Karnavian Tak Setuju Papua Tutup Akses". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Eko Adia Saputra, ed. (30 March 2020). "Gubernur Sumsel, Herman Deru Resmikan Rumah Sehat di Jakabaring". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Vitorio Mantalean (14 March 2020). "Pemkot Depok Liburkan Sekolah Dua Pekan Cegah Penyebaran Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Putra Ramadhani Astyawan (14 March 2020). "Antisipasi Korona, SD hingga SMP di Kota Bogor Diliburkan 2 Pekan : Okezone Megapolitan". okezone.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Wisma Putra. "Pandemi Corona, Sekolah di Kota Bandung Libur Dua Pekan". Detik.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Zunita Putri. "Ridwan Kamil Ungkap Peta Persebaran Corona di Jabar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Achmad Sudarno (16 March 2020). "Cegah Corona, Bupati Bogor Berlakukan Semi Lockdown di Kawasan Puncak". Liputan6 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Antara Foto / Fakhri Hermansyah. "Stadion Patriot Kota Bekasi jadi Lokasi Rapid Test". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Satellite cities gear up as Health Ministry green lights PSBB request". The Jakarta Post. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Cegah Penyebaran Corona, Gubernur Liburkan Seluruh Sekolah di Kalbar". Kumparan. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Anwar, Muhammad Choirul. "Hampir 20% Perjalanan Kereta Batal Gara-Gara Corona". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Akhir, Dani Jumadil (23 March 2020). "KRL Dibatasi dan Terjadi Penumpukan, Penumpang: Ini Jadi Penyebar Virus Corona : Okezone Megapolitan" [KRL Is Limited and Becomes Congested, Passengers: This Is A Vector of COVID-19 Spread]. Okezone Megapolitan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Setiawan, Kodrat (30 March 2020). "Pandemi Corona, Operasional LRT Palembang Dikurangi Jadi 26 Perjalanan". Tempo. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Halakrispen, Sunnaholomi (18 March 2020). "PT KAI Masih Berlakukan Pemeriksaan Suhu Tubuh" [PT KAI Still Enforce Body Temperature Checks]. Medcom (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ "Cegah Corona, Kereta dan Stasiun Rutin Disemprot Disinfektan" [Prevent Corona, Trains and Stations Regularly Sprayed with Disinfectant]. KAI. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Anindyo, Krishna (20 March 2020). "Terapkan Sosial Distancing PT KAI Daop 1 Jakarta Pasang Pembatas Jarak Penumpang di Berbagai Area Stasiun" [Implementing Social Distancing, PT KAI Region 1 Jakarta Sets Up Safe Distance Markings on Various Areas of Stations]. Industry News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Ramli, Rully R. (23 April 2020). "Ada Larangan Mudik, Begini Cara Refund 100 Persen Tiket KAI via Online" [Mudik Prohibition Is In Effect, Here's How to Refund 100% of KAI Ticket via Online]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Puspa, Anitana Widya (25 March 2020). "Pembatalan Tiket Kereta Jarak Jauh Bisa Lewat KAI Access" [Cancellation of Long-Range Train Tickets Can Be Via KAI Access]. Bisnis (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Agustina, Auriga (6 April 2020). "Mulai 12 April, Penumpang Kereta Api Bandara Wajib Pakai Masker" [Starting 12 April, Airport Train Passengers Are Required to Wear Face Masks]. IDN Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Isworo, Triyadi (24 April 2020). "PT KAI Hentikan Operasional KA Penumpang" [PT KAI Stops Operation of Passenger Trains]. Lampost (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Bramasta, Dandy Bayu; Hardiyanto, Sari (5 March 2020). "PT KAI Berikan Layanan Rail Express, Mulai dari Kirim Dokumen hingga Sepeda Motor" [PT KAI Offers Rail Express Service, From Sending Documents to Motorbikes]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Kristiono, Nefan (13 May 2020). "Kereta Luar Biasa Beroperasi, Penumpangnya Gak Sampai 10 Orang" [Extraordinary Trains Are Operational, The Passengers Are Less Than 10]. Minews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Sutrisna, Tria (13 May 2020). "Ini Syarat Dapat Surat Izin dari Satgas Covid-19 untuk Beli Tiket Kereta Api Luar Biasa" [These are the Requirements to Get Permit From Covid-19 Task Force to Purchase An Extraordinary Train Ticket]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Aditiasari, Dana (12 May 2020). "Daftar Lengkap Rute dan Tarif Kereta Luar Biasa Hari Ini" [Complete List of Extraordinary Train Route and Fee Today]. detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Ladjar, Bonfilio Mahendra Wahanaputra; Gatra, Sandro (27 May 2020). "Calon Penumpang Harus Punya SIKM untuk Beli Tiket Kereta Api dari dan Menuju Gambir" [Prospective Passengers Must Have SIKM to Buy Tickets To and From Gambir]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Efendi, Ahmad (9 June 2020). "Protokol New Normal di Kereta Api Jarak Jauh dan KRL" [New Normal Protocols in Long-Range Trains and KRL]. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "KAI Tambah Stasiun Layani Tes Antigen Jadi 25" [KAI Increases Number of Stations Doing Antigen Tests to 25]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 26 December 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ "98 Persen Kampus PJJ Daring, Kemdikbud Klaim Mahasiswa Siap" [98 Percent of Campuses Doing Online Classes, Kemdikbud Claims College Students Ready]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ "Dosen UI Pulang dari Negara Terdampak Corona Wajib Isolasi". CNN Indonesia.
- ^ Elza Astari Retaduari. "Corona Merebak, Mahasiswa UAJY Kuliah Online dan Tak Ada KKN". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Muhammad Nur Abdurrahman. "Cegah Corona, Unhas Terapkan Kuliah Online dan Tunda Wisuda". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Matius Alfons. "Cegah Penyebaran Corona, IPB Terapkan Kuliah Online-Pulangkan Mahasiswa". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "15 Kampus Terapkan Kuliah Online untuk Cegah Korona". Medcom. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Makdori, Yopi (14 March 2020). "15 Perguruan Tinggi Gelar Kuliah Jarak Jauh, Ini Daftarnya". Liputan6. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Aman Rochman (21 March 2020). "Malang university students invent disinfection chamber to prevent COVID-19 spread". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Fadhly Rachman (14 March 2020). "Tokopedia Mulai Uji Coba Kerja dari Rumah". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Kodrat Setiawan (14 March 2020). "Antisipasi Corona, Gojek Uji Coba Karyawan Kerja dari Rumah". Tempo.co. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Fadhly Fauzi Rachman. "Cegah Penyebaran Corona, Unilever Ikut Terapkan Kerja dari Rumah". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Monica Wareza. "Karyawan Mandiri & Telkomsel Bisa Kerja di Rumah Mulai Besok". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Sylke Febrina Laucereno (16 March 2020). "Pegawai BI Bergiliran Kerja dari Rumah". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Vadhia Lidyana (17 March 2020). "PPATK Terapkan Kerja dari Rumah, Tetap Awasi Pencucian Uang?". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Laucereno, Sylke Febrina (18 March 2020). "Pegawai Bank BUMN dan Swasta Positif Corona" [Private and State-Owned Enterprises Employees Tested Positive for Corona]. detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ a b Aida, Nur Rohmi (16 March 2020). "Pegawai Bank Mandiri Diuji Virus Corona, Operasional Kantor Kyai Tapa Dialihkan" [Bank Mandiri Employee Tested Positive For Corona, Kyai Tapa Branch Operations Diverted]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ Sidik, Syahrizal (20 March 2020). "1 Pegawai Bank Permata di Kantor Pusat WTC II Positif Corona". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ Laucereno, Sylke Febrina (23 March 2020). "Pegawai BCA Positif Corona" [BCA Employee Tested Positive For Corona]. detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Wardani, Agustin Setyo (23 March 2020). "2 Karyawan Indosat Ooredoo Positif Covid-19" [2 Indosat Ooredoo Employees Tested Positive For Covid-19]. Liputan6 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Bonauli. "AirAsia Setop Sementara Semua Penerbangan Indonesia". DetikTravel (in Indonesian). Jakarta: detikcom. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Departemen Komunikasi (8 June 2024). "PPKM Diperketat, BI Sesuaikan Jadwal Kegiatan Operasional dan Layanan Publik BI" [PPKM Tightened, BI Adjusts BI Operational Activities Schedule and Public Services]. Bank Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Sulaiman, Fajar (23 March 2020). "Gara-Gara Corona, Bank Mandiri Tutup Ratusan Kantor Cabang dan Kurangi Jam Operasional" [Because of Corona, Bank Mandiri Shuts Down Hundreds of Branch Offices and Trims Operational Hours]. Warta Ekonomi (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Ramli, Rully R. (24 March 2020). "BCA Tutup Sementara 30 Persen Kantor Cabang di Jabodetabek" [BCA Temporarily Closes 30% of Branch Offices in Jabodetabek]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Soraya Novika. "Sumbang Rp 52 M untuk Lawan Corona, Ini Pesan Orang Terkaya RI". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Reyhan Diandri Ghivarianto. "Grab Siapkan Rp 160 Miliar Bantu Redam Dampak Corona di Indonesia". DetikInet (in Indonesian). Jakarta: detikcom. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Fatwa MUI: Umat di Area Rawan Covid-19 Boleh Tinggalkan Salat Jumat, Diganti Salat Zuhur". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Muhammadiyah: Bila Darurat, Shalat Berjamaah di Rumah". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 15 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Ivany Atina Arbi (31 March 2020). "COVID-19: Muhammadiyah advises Muslims to not perform 'tarawih', Idul Fitri prayers". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ a b c "Yogyakartan charities report police intimidation, monitoring during COVID-19 relief efforts". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ Ardito Ramadhan (31 March 2020). Icha Rastika (ed.). "Imigrasi Larang WNA Masuk ke Indonesia Mulai 2 April". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Dian Septiari (31 March 2020). "Indonesia to bar foreigners from entering in bid to curb imported cases". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Advisory on Coronavirus For Travelers to Indonesia". Indonesia Travel. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ "AirAsia Indonesia Suspends All Flights Starting 1 April". The Jakarta Post. 28 March 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "More Than 12,000 Flights in Indonesia Have Been Cancelled". The Jakarta Post. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "59 Negara Tutup Pintu bagi Warga Indonesia, Ini Data Covid-19 Indonesia-Malaysia". MSN. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ Citra Puspitaningrum (8 September 2020). "59 Negara Tutup Pintu bagi WNI, CDC AS Juga Larang Rakyatnya ke Indonesia". Akurat.co (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "59 Negara Tutup Pintu untuk Warga Indonesia, Malaysia Salah Satunya". Bisnis.com. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ Aditya L. Jono (28 December 2020). "Indonesia Imposes 14-day Lockdown Amid New Covid Variant Fear". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia Extends Border Closure For Foreigners by Two More Weeks". The Jakarta Post. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Pemerintah Larang Mudik 6–17 Mei 2021" (in Indonesian). Detik.com. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Andina Librianty (22 April 2021). "Syarat Perjalanan Diperketat Mulai 22 April Hingga 24 Mei 2021, Wajib PCR 1×24 Jam". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ "Berikut Syarat Perjalanan Internasional Selama PPKM Darurat". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ "Cegah Kepanikan, Pengusaha Minta Pemerintah Jujur Soal Virus Corona – Katadata.co.id". katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 3 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ M Rosseno Aji (13 March 2020). Syailendra Persada (ed.). "Komnas HAM Minta Pemerintah Terbuka Soal Virus Corona". Tempo.co. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "PKS Minta Pemerintah Lebih Terbuka soal Corona". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Mochamad Zhacky. "Daerah Sumber Corona Harus Diungkap, Golkar Dorong Pemerintah Transparan". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Ihsanuddin (13 March 2020). Fabian Januarius Kuwado (ed.). "Jokowi Akui Pemerintah Rahasiakan Sejumlah Informasi soal Corona". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Briantika, Adi (17 March 2020). "Jokowi Operasi Rahasia Corona: Anies, Emil & Ganjar Sebaliknya" [Jokowi Operates Secrecy for Corona: Anies, Emil, & Ganjar The Opposite]. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Imam, Raga (22 March 2020). "IDI: Dokter Gelisah Pemerintah Tak Transparan soal Data Corona" [IDI: Doctors Are Worried The Government Isn't Transparent About Corona Data]. Kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Pengamat Desak Peta Covid-19 Nasional: Mudah dan Tak Mahal". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news'". The Straits Times. 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Anti-Sains dan Militarisme Covid-19 Ala Pemimpin Populis". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Gemma Holliani Cahya; Sausan Atika (17 March 2020). "jokowi-to-close-cities". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Ihsanuddin (16 March 2020). Bayu Galih (ed.). "Jokowi Larang Pemerintah Daerah Lakukan Lockdown Terkait Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ The Jakarta Post (27 March 2020). "Top Indonesian doctors call for lockdown, say physical distancing not enough". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ The Jakarta Post (27 March 2020). "Indonesia to issue lockdown regulation as COVID-19 cases continue to soar". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b Ary Hermawan (29 February 2020). "Let's not kid ourselves. Indonesia is unlikely to be COVID-19-free. And that's not our biggest problem". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ McVeigh, Karen; Graham-Harrison, Emma (14 February 2020). "Academic stands by research querying Indonesia's claim to be coronavirus-free". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Wijaya Pandasurya (28 February 2020). "Kekhawatiran AS dan Negara Barat Soal Penanganan Corona di Indonesia". Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ S.S. Kurniawan, ed. (27 February 2020). "Kedutaan besar negara Barat cemas dengan penanganan virus corona di Indonesia". Kontan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "We Don't Cover Things Up, Indonesia Says Amid Doubts Over Its COVID-19 Handling". Jakarta Globe. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Febriana Firdaus (19 February 2020). "Indonesian Screening May Be Missing Virus Carriers". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Laignee Barron (28 February 2020). "A Silent Epidemic? Experts Fear the Coronavirus Is Spreading Undetected in Southeast Asia". Time. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Joe Cochrane (18 February 2020). "'We owe it to God': as Indonesia prays, how is it keeping the coronavirus at bay?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Agustinus Beo Da Costa (27 February 2020). "Indonesia says lack of COVID-19 cases a blessing from God". Reuters. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Febriana Firdaus; Rebecca Ratcliffe (26 March 2020). "Indonesia's hidden coronavirus cases threaten to overwhelm hospitals". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Using a delay-adjusted case fatality ratio to estimate under-reporting". CMMID Repository. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ Moch. Fiqih Prawira Adjie; Arya Dipa; Ardilla Syakriah (5 April 2020). "Jakarta, West Java governors doubt central govt COVID-19 figures". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Gemma Holliani Cahya; Sausan Atika (18 March 2020). "'It was too crowded': Patients find it hard to get COVID-19 tests, treatment". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Persada, Syailendra (1 February 2021). "Kritik untuk Jokowi dalam Tangani Pandemi, Bermain Istilah Sampai Minim Rencana" [Critique for Jokowi in Handling the Pandemic, From Euphemising to Minimal Plans]. Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Bernie, Mohammad (22 January 2021). "Menkes Budi Gunadi Kritik Cara Tes COVID-19 di Indonesia" [Health Minister Budi Gunadi Criticizes the Conduct of COVID-19 Tests in Indonesia]. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia's true coronavirus death toll could be over 2,000 higher, data shows". South China Morning Post. Reuters. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ John Burn-Murdoch; Valentina Romei; Chris Giles (26 April 2020). "Global coronavirus death toll could be 60% higher than reported". Financial Times.
- ^ Idhom, Addi M (21 April 2020). "Larangan Mudik Berlaku Mulai 24 April 2020, Tapi Penerapan Bertahap" [Mudik Prohibition Effective Per 24 April, But Implementation Will Be Gradual]. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b Mediatama, Grahanusa (9 April 2020). Laoli, Noverius (ed.). "Jokowi buka opsi larang mudik setelah mendapat banyak kritik" [Jokowi opens to possible mudik prohibition after receiving many critiques]. kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Ihsanuddin (2 April 2020). Krisiandi (ed.). "Pemerintah Tak Larang Mudik Lebaran, tetapi Ada Syaratnya" [The Government Doesn't Prohibit Mudik, But There is A Caveat]. kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Luhut Sebut Mudik Diperbolehkan, tapi Imbau Masyarakat Tak Pulang Kampung" [Luhut Said Mudik Is Permitted, But Advises People Not To]. Detik (in Indonesian). 2 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Andayani, Dwi (2 April 2020). "IDI Kritik Istana Bolehkan Mudik" [IDI Critiques the Government for Permitting Mudik]. Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "YLKI Sebut Pemerintah Tidak Tegas Soal Larangan Mudik Ditengah Corona" [YLKI Calls The Government Inconsistent On Prohibitions On Mudik During Corona]. Pasardana (in Indonesian). 13 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Keputusan Jokowi Larang Mudik Sangat Terlambat" [Jokowi's Decision to Prohibit Mudik is Too Late]. Liputan6 (in Indonesian). 21 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Purbaya, Angling Adhitya (21 April 2020). "Ganjar: Sudah 600 Ribu Orang Pemudik Masuk Jateng" [Ganjar: 600,000 Pemudik Has Already Entered Jateng]. Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Taufiqurrahman (11 April 2020). Agriesta, Dheri (ed.). "Kasus Pertama Corona di Bangkalan, Pemudik yang Pulang dari Jakarta" [First Corona Case in Bengkalan, Pemudik Coming Home From Jakarta]. kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Antara (21 April 2020). "Dukung Jokowi, Ridwan Kamil Sebut Punya Alasan Kuat Tolak Pemudik" [Supporting Jokowi, Ridwan Kamil Said To Have Strong Reasons to Reject Pemudik]. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Saubani, Andri; Lukihardianti, Arie (21 April 2020). "Sekitar 253 Ribu Pemudik Telah Masuk ke Jabar". Republika Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Ariansyah, Aldi; Pusdatinkom BNPB (30 March 2020). "Presiden Jokowi Beri Empat Arahan Guna Antisipasi Mudik di Tengah Krisis Covid-19" [President Jokowi Issues 4 Directives to Anticipate Mudik in the Midst of Covid-19 Crisis]. BNPB. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Sani, Ahmad Faiz Ibnu (23 April 2020). Wibowo, Kukuh S. (ed.). "Soal Mudik–Pulang Kampung, Rachland: Jokowi Amankan Kekuasaan" [On Mudik–Pulang Kampung, Rachland: Jokowi is Securing Influence]. Tempo. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia's Ramadan exodus risks spreading Covid-19 across the country". France 24. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ "Snaking queues at Jakarta airport as crowds ignore COVID-19 distancing rules". CNA. 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ a b c Chew, Amy (7 May 2020). "Indonesians dodge Jokowi's travel ban, raising fears of coronavirus spike in provinces". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ "'Rp 72 Miliar Untuk Influencer': Cara Indonesia Merespon Virus Corona" ['Rp 72 Billion for Influencers': How Indonesia Responds to the Coronavirus]. Tempo (in Indonesian). 28 February 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Kurniawan, Didi (3 March 2020). "Ada Insentif yang Lebih Efektif Ketimbang Bayar Influencer" [There Are More Effective Incentives Than Paying Influencers]. voi.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Harirah MS, Zulfa; Rizaldi, Annas (10 July 2020). "Merespon Nalar Kebijakan Negara Dalam Menangani Pandemi COVID 19 di Indonesia" [Responding to the Logic of the Government in Responding to the COVID 19 Pandemic in Indonesia]. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 (1): 36–53. doi:10.24815/ekapi.v7i1.17370. ISSN 2549-8355 – via Jurnal USK.
- ^ "Surgical masks soar in price as Indonesia confirms first coronavirus cases". Newsflare. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "In 'virus-free' Indonesia, outbreak fears stoke panic buying frenzy". South China Morning Post. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Laturiuw, Theo Yonathan Simon (4 March 2020). "Susah Dapat Hand Sanitizer di Bogor dan Depok, Ini Apotek yang Masih Tersedia Hand Sanitizer" [Shortage of Hand Sanitizer in Bogor and Depok, Here Are The Pharmacies Which Still Have Hand Sanitizer]. Wartakotalive.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Jokowi Warns Against Hoarding of Facemasks Amid Growing Coronavirus Fears". Jakarta Globe. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Police seize 350 boxes of face masks during raid on suspected hoarder in West Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Technical Brief on the Implications of COVID-19 on Census (PDF). UNFPA.
- ^ a b Prabowo, Haris (9 September 2020). "Pandemi COVID-19 Menunjukkan Ketimpangan Pendidikan di Indonesia" [COVID-19 Pandemic Exposes Education Inequality in Indonesia]. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Arsenza, Sendy; Gunawan, C. Jazzlyne; Rarasati, Niken; Suryadarma, Daniel (30 September 2020). "Teaching and Learning During School Closure: Lessons from Indonesia" (PDF). ISEAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Tim Kompas (12 July 2020). Kurniawan, Aloysius Budi (ed.). "Sekolah Pelosok Tak Bisa Gelar Pembelajaran Daring" [Remote Schools Can't Perform Distance Learning]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia stock index plunges to three-year low amid virus fears". The Jakarta Post. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Bank Indonesia cuts rate, revises down growth target amid virus outbreak". The Jakarta Post. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Adrian Wail Akhlas (12 March 2020). "Indonesian stocks slump 4% upon opening along with regional markets as WHO declares pandemic". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Riska Rahman; Prima Wirayani (13 March 2020). "Trading halted for first time since 2008 over pandemic". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ Hafiyyan (23 March 2020). "Sampai Saat Ini, Sudah 5 Kali IHSG Alami Trading Halt" [Until Now, Already 5 Times IDX Composite Has Experienced Trading Halts]. Bisnis (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Selasti Panjaitan (19 March 2020). "Setelah Sempat Alami Trading Halt, IHSG Ditutup Anjlok 5.35% Pada Sesi Pertama". Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Trio Hamdani (25 March 2020). "Daftar Mal Tutup Sebagian Toko". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Lidya Julita Sembiring (16 April 2020). "Covid-19 Berkepanjangan, Sri Mulyani Khawatir RI Bisa Resesi".
- ^ Pearl Bantillo (6 May 2020). "Indonesia faces technical recession; partial lockdown to hit Q2 GDP". Independent Commodity Intelligence Services.
- ^ "Indonesia's Q2 GDP contraction draws mixed views from economists". The Business Times. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia's GDP contracts deeper than expected at 5.32% in Q2". The Jakarta Post. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia's Q2 GDP contraction draws mixed views from economists". The Business Times. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Sugianto, Danang (25 March 2020). "Prediksi Jokowi soal Provinsi Paling Parah Terimbas Corona, Ngeri!" [Jokowi's Predictions About Provinces Hit The Hardest By Corona, Terrifying!]. detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Setyowati, Desy; Alika, Rizky (24 March 2020). "Jokowi Hitung Dampak Ekonomi Corona, Sopir Angkot & Ojek Paling Berat" [Jokowi Calculates Economic Impact of Corona, Angkot and Ojek Drivers Are Hit The Hardest]. Katadata (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Pakasi, Alfred (18 March 2020). "Rupiah Rabu Ditutup Melemah ke Rp15.218/USD; Dolar Global Naik sebagai Likuiditas Investor" [Rupiah Closed on Friday Weakening to IDR 15,218/USD; Dollar Rises As Investor Liquidity]. Vibiznews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Pransuamitra, Putu Agus (23 March 2020). "Pembukaan Pasar: Rupiah Melemah ke Rp 15.950/US$" [Market Opening: Rupiah Weakens to IDR 15,950/USD]. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Wareza, Monica (6 May 2020). "Wah, BI Guyur Ratusan Triliun Agar Dolar Tak Sentuh Rp 17.000" [Wow, BI Spends Hundreds of Trillions of Rupiah to Prevent Dollar from Touching IDR 17,000]. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Pransuamitra, Putu Agus (30 April 2020). "Pembukaan Pasar: Rupiah Melesat ke Rp 15.140/US$" [Market Opening: Rupiah Rises to IDR 15,140/USD]. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Pransuamitra, Putu Agus (8 June 2020). "Pembukaan Pasar: Rupiah Stagnan di Rp 13.850/US$" [Market Opening: Rupiah Stagnates at IDR 13,850/USD]. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Pransuamitra, Putu Agus (12 June 2020). "Pembukaan Pasar: Rupiah Melemah ke Rp 14.020/US$" [Market Opening: Rupiah Weakens to IDR 14,020/USD]. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ "Indonesian Tourism Buckles as Chinese Tourists Stop Coming". Jakarta Globe. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Bali sees almost 100% drop in foreign tourists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 26 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Despite no recorded cases, Bali tourism still catches a cold from COVID-19 outbreak". The Jakarta Post. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Krithika Varagur (20 February 2020). "'Bali's been through a lot': holiday island's tourism industry hit by coronavirus fears". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "No going back: Bali's Chinese tourists fear coronavirus-hit homeland". The Straits Times. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Potret Penutupan Seluruh Pantai di Kuta Bali". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Laila Afifa (15 April 2020). "Papua PON 2020 Postponed Due to Pandemic". Tempo.co. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Ihsanuddin (23 April 2020). "Wabah Covid-19, Alasan PON di Papua Ditunda hingga Tahun Depan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ Petir Garda Bhwana, ed. (11 March 2020). "Jakarta Formula E Race Postponed Due to Coronavirus Concerns". Tempo.co. Translated by Ricky Mohammad Nugraha. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ Petir Garda Bhwana, ed. (11 March 2020). "Jakarta Plans to Stop Public Events as Coronavirus Cases Climb". Tempo.co. Translated by Ricky Mohammad Nugraha. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ Loudia Mahartika (4 March 2020). "Akibat Virus Corona, 6 Konser Ini Batal Digelar di Indonesia". Liputan6 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Hammersonic Festival 2020 Batal, akan Ada Kembali pada 2021". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Gara-gara Corona, Konser Dream Theater di Jakarta Ditunda". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 14 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Japanese rock band ONE OK ROCK postpones Jakarta concert amid coronavirus outbreak". Coconuts Jakarta. Coconuts Media Limited. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Akibat Virus Corona, 10 DJ Internasional Batal Tampil di We Are Connected Bali, April Ini". Tribun Jabar (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Dampak Corona, Film KKN di Desa Penari Ditunda Penayangannya di Bioskop". Merdeka.com. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Imbas Virus Corona, Penayangan Film Tersanjung The Movie Ditunda". Fimela.com (in Indonesian). 23 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Muchammad Yani (26 March 2020). "Rilis Generasi 90-an: Melankolia Akhirnya Ditunda". MerahPutih.com. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Wayan Diananto (10 February 2022). "KKN di Desa Penari Tunda Tayang Lagi Akibat Varian Omicron Meluas, Sineas Awi Suryadi Minta Maaf". Liputan6 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ Sasongko, Agung (28 May 2020). "Yogyakarta Usulkan Seniman dan Budayawan Terima Bantuan". Republika Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ "APB Kemdikbud". Kemdikbud (in Indonesian). 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Stanly Ravel (17 March 2020). "IIMS 2020 Ditunda karena Corona, Uang Peserta Pameran Dikembalikan 100 Persen". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ M. Luthfi Andika (15 May 2020). "IIMS 2020 Batal Digelar". DetikOto (in Indonesian). Jakarta: detikcom. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ "Tournament | BLIBLI Indonesia Open 2020 (Cancelled)". bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Events | Indonesia Masters 2020 Super 100 (Cancelled)". bwfbadminton.com. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Mulai 19 Desember 2020, ke Bali Wajib Swab PCR Maksimal H-7 Keberangkatan". BaliBisnis.com (in Indonesian). 17 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ Herdi Alif Al Hikam (17 December 2020). "Masuk Bali Wajib PCR, Refund Tiket Tembus Rp 317 M". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ "Update on FIFA Women's World Cup and men's youth competitions". FIFA. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Ni Komang Erviani (18 May 2022). "Bali requests endemic status to boost tourism". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia Posed to Reach COVID-19 Endemic Stage: IDI". MSN (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Mendagri Terbitkan Inmendagri 53/2022 terkait Percabutan PPKM". Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). 30 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "Pemerintah Resmi Cabut Status Pandemi COVID-19". Sekretaris Kabinet Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). 21 June 2023.
- ^ "Akhiri Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 di RI, Jokowi Bubarkan KPC PEN". Kompas TV (in Indonesian).
- ^ Tim detikcom (17 March 2020). "Ditetapkan Menkes, Ini Daftar 12 Laboratorium Pemeriksa COVID-19" [Set By The Health Minister, These Are The 12 COVID-19 Examiner Laboratories]. detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ a b Putri, Cantika Adinda (17 March 2020). "Tak Cuma Balitbangkes, Ini 12 Laboratorium Pemeriksa Covid-19" [Not Only Balitbangkes, These Are The 12 Covid-19 Examiner Laboratories]. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ a b Maharani, Tsarina (16 March 2020). "Pemerintah Tetapkan 12 Jejaring Laboratorium Pemeriksaan Covid-19" [The Government Appoints Network of 12 Covid-19 Examination Laboratories]. kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ a b Ferdian, Habib Allbi (17 March 2020). "Ini Cara Cek Virus Corona COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Indonesia" [Here's How to Test for COVID-19 Corona Virus in Indonesian Hospitals]. kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ Dwi Andayani (4 September 2020). "Abdul Gafur, Menpora Era Orde Baru Meninggal Dunia". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ^ "Positif Covid, Anggota DPR Fraksi PKS Adang Sudrajat Wafat". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 5 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Positif Covid-19, Calon Wali Kota Bontang Meninggal Dunia". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 1 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Ketua Ikatan Arsitek Ahmad Djuhara Meninggal di RSPI". nasional (in Indonesian). 27 March 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ Dhias Suwandi (20 June 2021). "Mantan Wakil Gubernur Papua Alex Hesegem Meninggal". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ "Syekh Ali Jaber Meninggal Negatif COVID-19, Ini Komplikasi yang Dialami". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 14 January 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Marlinda Oktavia Erwanti (3 January 2021). "Politikus PAN Ali Taher Meninggal karena COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ Kukuh S. Wibowo, ed. (29 April 2021). "Dua Bulan Menjabat, Wakil Wali Kota Dumai Meninggal Karena COVID-19". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ Abdi Tumanggor, ed. (20 October 2020). "Uskup Mgr Anicetus AB Sinaga Dikabarkan Wafat di RS Elisabeth Medan". Tribun-Medan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Mohammad Qadri (4 April 2020). "Bupati Morowali Utara yang Meninggal Dunia Dinyatakan Postif Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Melvina Tionardus (29 June 2021). Dian Maharani (ed.). "Aria Baron Eks Gitaris Gigi Meninggal Dunia". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Indonesia Berduka, Banyak Tokoh Wafat karena COVID-19 dalam 2 Minggu Terakhir". Kumparan (in Indonesian). 4 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ Juraidi; Kodir (4 July 2021). Budhi Santoso (ed.). "Terpapar COVID −19, Mantan Wakil Bupati Tapsel Meninggal Dunia". AntaraNews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ Jumaidil Halide (2 January 2021). "Mantan Bupati Luwu, Bahrum Daido Meninggal karena Covid-19". Pojok Satu (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ "Positif Covid-19, Anggota DPR PDIP Bambang Suryadi Meninggal". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 4 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Prih Prawesti Febrian (29 November 2021). "Bens Leo Meninggal Dunia Usai Berjuang Lawan COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Positif Covid-19, Mantan Wali Kota Ternate Meninggal Dunia". Berita Satu (in Indonesian). 4 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ "Sempat Dirawat Karena COVID-19, Leader Shojo Complex Meninggal Dunia". InsertLive.com (in Indonesian). 16 September 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Dadang Hawari, Psikiater dan Penceramah Kondang Meninggal Dunia karena Covid-19". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 3 December 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ "Bupati Situbondo Meninggal Terpapar Corona". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ Cindy (3 August 2020). "Legislator DKI Dani Anwar Meninggal Karena COVID-19". Medcom.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ Desi Puspasari (16 February 2022). "Riwayat Sakit Dorce yang Meninggal Usai Positif COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- ^ Andi Saputra (10 December 2020). "Hakim Agung Dudu Duswara Meninggal Usai Positif Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ Fitria Wulandari (16 August 2020). "Way Kanan Berduka, Wabup Edward Antony Meninggal Dunia" (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kabupaten Way Kanan. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Dewi Retno (28 June 2021). Marvela (ed.). "Komedian Edy Oglek Meninggal karena COVID-19". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ^ "Bupati Bekasi Eka Supria Atmaja Meninggal Karena COVID". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 11 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ Siprianus Edi Hardum (17 July 2021). "Bupati Lembata, Kepala Daerah Ke-11 Meninggal Dunia karena Covid-19". BeritaSatu.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ Pingkan Anggraini (17 January 2021). "Kronologi Meninggalnya Farida Pasha Pemeran Mak Lampir karena COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ "Wadubes RI di India Meninggal karena COVID-19". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Agustinus Mario Damar (31 December 2020). "Caster Frans Volva Meninggal Dunia, Komunitas eSports Tanah Air Berduka". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ "Terpapar Covid-19, Mantan Bupati Torut Frederik Batti Sorring Meninggal di RS Grestelina". TribunToraja.com (in Indonesian). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Hanif Hawari (18 June 2021). "Kerabat: Wan Abud Meninggal Dunia Setelah Terpapar COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Haryanti Puspa Sari (18 January 2021). Dani Prabowo (ed.). "Gatot Sudjito, Anggota DPR RI Kelima yang Meninggal Dunia Setelah Terpapar Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Rosniawanti Fikry Tahir (6 August 2021). Eko Ari Wibowo (ed.). "Belum Divaksin, Wakil Bupati Konawe Meninggal Usai Terpapar Covid-19". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ "Hasil Tes PCR Terakhir Harmoko Positif Covid-19, Diungkap Oleh Sang Anak". TribunNews.com (in Indonesian). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ "Mantan Bupati Temanggung Hasyim Afandi Tutup Usia karena COVID-19". Antara News (in Indonesian). 5 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ Heru Dahnur (4 October 2020). "Bupati Bangka Tengah Ibnu Saleh Meninggal akibat Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ Rolando Fransiscus Sihombing; Isal Mawardi (28 March 2020). "Anggota DPR Imam Suroso yang Meninggal Dunia Positif Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Mengenang Jalaluddin Rakhmat yang Meninggal Karena COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). 16 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Willy Masaharu (23 July 2021). "Anggota DPR Demianus Ijie Meninggal karena Covid-19". Berita Satu (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ Nicholas Ryan Aditya (3 July 2021). Diamanty Meiliana (ed.). "PAN Berduka, Anggota DPR Asal Papua John Siffy Mirin Meninggal Akibat COVID-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Dedy Kurniawan (9 February 2021). Truly Okto Hasudungan Purba (ed.). "KABAR DUKA, Wali Kota Binjai Terpilih Juliadi Meninggal Dunia Jelang Pelantikan". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ "Sebelum Meninggal, Junaedi 'Ali Topan' Salat Sempat Kena Covid-19". JawaPos.com (in Indonesian). 19 January 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ Hanif Hawari (7 September 2021). "Koes Hendratmo Positif COVID-19 dengan Komorbid Asma Sebelum Meninggal". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Aji YK Putra (8 March 2021). Farid Assifa (ed.). "11 Hari Dirawat di Ruang Isolasi, Bupati OKU Kuryana Azis Meninggal". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ Nugyasa Laksamana (17 April 2020). "Almarhum Eks Perenang Nasional Lukman Niode Dinyatakan Positif Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ M. Syahbana (9 April 2021). "Mantan Gubernur Sumsel Mahyuddin Meninggal karena Corona". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ "Calon Bupati Barru Sulsel Meninggal di Hari Pencoblosan". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 9 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ Chairul Fikri (2 July 2021). "Dalang Ki Manteb Sudarsono Meninggal Dunia karena COVID-19". Berita Satu (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Jeka Kampai (12 March 2021). "Eks Bupati Tanah Datar Masriadi Martunus Meninggal karena COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ Achmad Faizal (27 August 2020). "Tertular Covid-19 di Lapas Porong, Mantan Wali Kota Mojokerto Meninggal". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ Dian Kurniawan (9 December 2020). "Wakil Wali Kota Probolinggo Soufis Subri Meninggal Setelah 19 Hari Berjuang Lawan COVID-19". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ Edi Gustan (6 August 2021). "Mantan Wakil Gubernur NTB Muhammad Amin Meninggal Dunia Terpapar Covid-19". SindoNews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ Setyo Puji, ed. (22 September 2020). "Bupati Berau H Muharram Meninggal karena Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Tsarina Maharani (31 December 2020). "Mantan Menteri Kehakiman Muladi Meninggal Dunia". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Ratna Puspita (6 December 2020). "Cawagub Bengkulu Muslihan DS Meninggal karena Covid-19". Republika. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ "Muspandi, Anggota DPRD Kaltim dari PAN Meninggal Dunia". Niaga Asia. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ Nafilah Sri Sagita (6 April 2020). "Kabar Duka, Pakar Seks dr Naek L Tobing Meninggal Dunia". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Muhammad Risanta (10 August 2020). "Positif COVID-19, Wali Kota Banjarbaru Meninggal Dunia". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Perdana Putra (28 August 2021). "Nasrul Abit Meninggal Setelah Sepekan Berjuang Melawan Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Rintan Puspita Sari, ed. (14 July 2021). "Profil Neneng Anjarwati, Penyanyi Dangdut yang Meninggal Usai Positif Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ "Plt Bupati Sidoarjo Meninggal karena Covid-19, Istri Ikut Terpapar". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). 24 August 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Anggota DPRD Jabar Meninggal Dunia Akibat Terpapar Covid-19". JabarNews.com (in Indonesian). 27 November 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ Harits Tryan Akhmad (17 October 2020). "Pollycarpus meninggal karena COVID-19". iNews.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Rachmawati Meninggal Dunia Akibat COVID-19". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 3 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Vidya Pinandhita (9 May 2021). "Mengenal Badai Sitokin, Kondisi yang Dialami Raditya Oloan Sebelum Meninggal". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Taufiqurrahman (31 December 2020). Dani Prabowo (ed.). "Wabup Pamekasan Raja'e Meninggal dalam Perawatan Usai Terpapar COVID-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Revi C. Rantung (2 March 2021). Dian Maharani (ed.). "Sebelum Meninggal, Rina Gunawan Diketahui Positif Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ Maria Cicilia (22 March 2021). Alviansyah Pasaribu (ed.). "Sutradara Ronggur Sihombing Meninggal Karena COVID-19". AntaraNews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Dubes RI di Sudan Meninggal Dunia Setelah Terinfeksi Covid-19". Sindo News (in Indonesian). 4 April 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ Arief Ikhsanudin (16 September 2020). "Positif Corona, Sekda DKI Saefullah Meninggal". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ Houtmand P. Saragih (15 July 2021). "Mantan Menteri BUMN Sugiharto Meninggal Dunia karena COVID-19". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ Haryanti Puspa Sari (9 October 2020). "Anggota DPR dari Gerindra Meninggal Dunia Setelah Mengidap Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ Rintan Puspita Sari (1 February 2021). Dian Maharani (ed.). "Soraya Abdullah Meninggal, Umi Pipik Sebut karena Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Tepeng Vokalis Steven And Coconut Treez Meninggal Dunia". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 22 June 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ "Mantan Menkop dan UKM Subiakto Tjakrawerdaja Meninggal Dunia". SindoNews.com (in Indonesian). 3 January 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Ahmad Zulfiqor (8 December 2020). Teuku Muhammad Valdy Arief (ed.). "Bupati Bulungan Meninggal Setelah Terjangkit Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Hadi Maulana (28 April 2020). Aprillia Ika (ed.). "Kabar Duka, Wali Kota Tanjungpinang Meninggal Dunia karena Corona". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ Raja Umar (22 May 2021). "Mantan Gubernur Aceh Syamsuddin Mahmud Meninggal Dunia, Sempat Positif Covid-19". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Puthut Dwi Putranto Nugroho (7 December 2020). Doni Aprian (ed.). "4 Hari Dirawat Karena Positif COVID-19, Mantan Bupati Pati Tasiman Meninggal". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Tengku Zulkarnain Meninggal Dunia Positif COVID-19". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Muhammad Budi Kurniawan (27 January 2021). "Wakil Wali Kota Balikpapan Terpilih Thohari Aziz Meninggal karena COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ Noval Dhwinuari Antony (24 December 2020). "Bupati Lutim Terpilih Thoriq Husler Meninggal Dunia Akibat COVID-19". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Sui Suadnyana (6 April 2021). "Penyair Umbu Landu Paranggi Meninggal Akibat COVID-19, Sempat Dirawat di ICU". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Wikan Satriati (1975–2021)". Inside Indonesia. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Rahmat Rahman Patty (1 August 2021). Dheri Agriesta (ed.). "Bupati Seram Bagian Barat Yasin Payapo Meninggal Terpapar Covid-19, Sempat Minta Isolasi Mandiri". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ "Positif COVID-19, penyanyi Yopie Latul meninggal dunia". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
External links
- Latest Updates on the Coronavirus cases in Indonesia – Ministry of Health of Indonesia
- CoronaTracker – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Indonesia
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases
- historical data by Johns Hopkins University
.svg){kind=small}
