Tirathaba rufivena, the coconut spike moth, greater coconut spike moth or oil palm bunch moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is found from south-east Asia to the Pacific islands, including Malaysia, the Cook Islands, the Philippines and the tropical region of Queensland, Australia.[2] They are considered as a minor pest.
| Coconut spike moth | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | Tirathaba |
| Species: | T. rufivena
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| Binomial name | |
| Tirathaba rufivena | |
| Synonyms | |
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Description
editIts wingspan is about 26–30 millimetres (1–1+1⁄4 in). More or less developed annuli at middle and end of the cell connected by a white streak, sometimes with a spot in base of cell also joined by the white streak. The inner margin, vein 1, the interno-median interspace and veins beyond lower angle of cell streaked with crimson. A dark marginal line. The hindwings are plain pale yellow or orange yellow.[3]
Ecology and attack
editThe larvae are an agricultural pest that feeds on Cocos nucifera, Nypa fruticans, Elaeis guineensis, Musa species, and Phaseolus species. Usually the caterpillar attacks male flowers where infestation causes abortion of young and results in underdeveloped fruits. A severe attack can wilt the plant and delay plant development. They are not borers, and only show external feeding.[4][5]
Control
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Biological control is the most effective method of controlling both larval and egg stages. Many different strains of parasites and pathogens are used. The pathogens such as Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae are also used in many regions. An ichneumonid Venturia palmaris are experimented in Malaysia, where they attack larva in November and December.[4]
Agrophylax basifulva, a tachinid fly, is a known parasitoid used in Fiji which has not been successfully used elsewhere because of difficulties in rearing sufficient numbers.[6] Another unsuccessful potential biocontrol is the entomoparasitic nematode Steinernema feltiae.[7]
Other than that, hand picking and other traditional methods are used in many countries.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ "Tortricidae.com". Tortricidae.com. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ^ Herbison-Evans, Don & Crossley, Stella (22 March 2015). "Tirathaba rufivena (Walker, 1864) Greater Coconut Spike Moth". Australian Caterpillars and their Butterflies and Moths. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ Hampson, G. F. (1896). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Moths Volume IV. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b "Coconut spike moth (Tirathaba rufivena)". Plantwise Knowledge Bank. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ Herbison-Evans, Don & Crossley, Stella (22 March 2015). "Tirathaba rufivena (Walker, 1864) Greater Coconut Spike Moth". Australian Caterpillars and their Butterflies and Moths. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ Godfray, H. C. J. (1985). "Mass rearing the tachinid fly argyrophylax basifulva, a parasitoid of the greater coconut spike moth [Tirathaba spp.] [Lep.: Pyralidae]". Entomophaga. 30 (3): 211–215. doi:10.1007/BF02372221. ISSN 0013-8959.
- ^ Zelazny, B. (1985). "Susceptibility of two Coconut Pests, Oryctes rhinoceros [Col.: Scarabaeidae] and Tirathaba rufivena [Lep.: Pyralidae], to the entomoparasitic nematode Steinernema feltiae [= Neoaplectana carpocapsae]". Entomophaga. 30 (2): 121–124. doi:10.1007/BF02372244. ISSN 0013-8959.