Titanomachya (named after the Titanomachy of Greek mythology) is an extinct genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Argentina. The genus contains a single species, T. gimenezi. It is a relatively small titanosaur, weighing around 7.8 tonnes (8.6 short tons).
| Titanomachya Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
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| Life restoration | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | †Sauropodomorpha |
| Clade: | †Sauropoda |
| Clade: | †Macronaria |
| Clade: | †Titanosauria |
| Superfamily: | †Saltasauroidea |
| Genus: | †Titanomachya Pérez-Moreno et al., 2024 |
| Type species | |
| Titanomachya gimenezi Pérez-Moreno et al., 2024
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Discovery and naming
editThe Titanomachya holotype specimen, MPEF Pv 11547, was discovered in sediments of the La Colonia Formation near the Cerro Bayo mountain and Bajada del Diablo crater in Chubut Province of Patagonia, Argentina. The specimen consists of an incomplete, partially articulated skeleton, including a caudal vertebra, several fragmentary ribs, two haemal arches, the left humerus, fragments of the pelvic girdle, part of both femora, both tibiae and fibulae, and parts of both astragali.[1]
In 2024, Pérez-Moreno et al. described Titanomachya gimenezi as a new genus and species of titanosaurian sauropod based on these fossil remains. Two partial caudal vertebrae belonging to saltasauroid titanosaurs are also known from the formation, but were not referred to Titanomachya. The generic name, Titanomachya, alludes to the mythological Greek Titanomachy—the battle where the Olympian gods fought and defeated the Titans—referring to the species' proximity to the extinction of the titanosaurs. The specific name, gimenezi, honors Olga Giménez and her paleontological contributions to the study of Argentinian dinosaurs from Chubut Province.[1]
Titanomachya represents the first saltasauroid titanosaur to be discovered in Central Patagonian sediments dated to the end of the Cretaceous. The only other saltasauroid from the North Patagonian Massif is the similarly aged Dreadnoughtus from Argentina's Cerro Fortaleza Formation.[1]
Description
editTitanomachya is a small titanosaur, with an estimated length of 6 metres (20 ft).[2] It probably weighed between 5.8 and 9.8 tonnes (6.4 and 10.8 short tons), with a mean body mass of 7.8 tonnes (8.6 short tons). The holotype specimen was an adult similar in size to some related saltasaurids (Neuquensaurus and Saltasaurus), but it may have weighed more, as indicated by an astragalus modified for improved weight-bearing. The morphology of the astragalus is intermediate between colossosaurs and saltasauroids.[1]
Classification
editPérez-Moreno et al. (2024) entered Titanomachya into a phylogenetic analysis and found it to be in the clade Lithostrotia, itself recovered as a subclade of the Saltasauroidea. This result is similar to that recovered in the 2023 description of Bustingorrytitan.[3] The results of Pérez-Moreno et al. are shown in the cladogram below:[1]
Paleoenvironment
edit
Titanomachya was found in outcrops of the La Colonia Formation, which dates to the Maastrichtian (Cretaceous)–Paleocene (Paleogene) boundary.[4] This formation is best known for fossils of the abelisaurid theropods Carnotaurus and Koleken,[5] as well as fossils of other reptiles including the turtle Patagoniaemys, the snake Alamitophis and the plesiosaurs Kawanectes, Chubutinectes and Sulcusuchus.[6][7][8][9] Mammals discovered from the formation include Reigitherium, Coloniatherium, Argentodites and Ferugliotherium.[10][11] Remains of an enantiornithine and, possibly, of a neornithine bird have been discovered.[12][13] While Titanomachya represents the first herbivorous dinosaur named from this locality, remains of indeterminate hadrosaurs and ankylosaurs have also been found. The small adult size of Titanomachya compared to giant titanosaurs may have been a result of competition with an increased diversity of these other herbivores.[1][2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Pérez-Moreno, A.; Salgado, L.; Carballido, J. L.; Otero, A.; Pol, D. (2024). "A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology: 1–20. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997.
- ^ a b Black, Riley (2024-04-11). "Unprecedented fossils reveal the smallest titanosaur ever found". National Geographic. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
- ^ Simón, M. E.; Salgado, L. (2023). "A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.01086.2023.
- ^ Clyde, W. C.; Krause, J. M.; De Benedetti, F.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N. R.; Gandolfo, M. A.; Haber, P.; Whelan, C.; Smith, T. (2021-10-01). "New South American record of the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary interval (La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina)". Cretaceous Research. 126: 104889. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12604889C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104889. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Pol, Diego; Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Černý, David; Novas, Fernando; Cerda, Ignacio A. (21 May 2024). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria". Cladistics. 40 (3): 307–356. doi:10.1111/cla.12583. PMID 38771085.
- ^ Gasparini, Zulma; Sterli, Juliana; Parras, Ana; O'Gorman, José Patricio; Salgado, Leonardo; Varela, Julio; Pol, Diego (2015), "Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: Occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments", Cretaceous Research, 54: 154–168, Bibcode:2015CrRes..54..154G, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.010, hdl:11336/19244, retrieved 2019-04-06ISSN 0195-6671
- ^ O’Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo (2023-08-10). "A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 152: 105674. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15205674O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ José Patricio O'Gorman (2020). "First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (1): 176–193. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..176P. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1687754. S2CID 213090343.
- ^ O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z. (2013). "Revision of Sulcusuchus erraini (Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (2): 163–176. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..163O. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736788. hdl:11336/2489. S2CID 131429825.
- ^ Forasiepi, Analía M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Hurum, Jørn; Currie, Philip J. (1 December 2012). "First Dryolestoid (Mammalia, Dryolestoidea, Meridiolestida) from the Coniacian of Patagonia and New Evidence on their Early Radiation in South America". Ameghiniana. 49 (4): 497. doi:10.5710/AMGH.8.8.2012.581. S2CID 129208347.
- ^ Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. (2009). "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (1): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3. S2CID 42799370.
- ^ Lawver, Daniel R.; Debee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (January 1, 2011). "A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 80 (1): 35–42. doi:10.2992/007.080.0104. S2CID 85015365.
- ^ Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. (2023). "A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina)". Cretaceous Research. 150. 105595. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005595A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595. S2CID 259059084.