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Kyuichi Tokuda (徳田 球一, Tokuda Kyūichi, September 12, 1894 – October 14, 1953)[1] was a Japanese politician and first chairman of the Japanese Communist Party from 1945 until his death in 1953.
Kyuichi Tokuda | |
|---|---|
 Tokuda c. 1952 | |
| General Secretary of the Japanese Communist Party | |
| In office 3 December 1945 – 14 October 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Toshihiko Sakai |
| Succeeded by | Sanzo Nosaka |
| Member of the House of Representatives for Tokyo 3rd district | |
| In office 4 April 1946 – 6 June 1950 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 September 1894 Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Empire of Japan |
| Died | 14 October 1953 (aged 59) Beijing, China |
| Political party | Japanese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Nihon University |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
Biography
editKyuichi Tokuda was born in 1894 in Okinawa and became a lawyer following graduation from Nihon University in 1920.[1] He joined the Japanese Communist Party in 1922 and became a member of its Central Committee.[2]
In 1922 Tokuda participated in the formation of the outlawed Japanese Communist Party. He would go on to visit the Soviet Union in both 1925 and 1927; and ran for the Labour-Farmer Party in the first regular election in 1928 (Fukuoka's 3rd district) but ended up being unsuccessful. In March 1928 he was arrested under the suspicion of violating the Peace Preservation Law, and would go on to spend 18 years in prison. Serving time in Abashiri prison (1934-1940), Chiba (1940-1941), Toyotama (1941-1945), and Fuchu (1945).[3][4] Tokuda was discovered and released from prison on October 10, 1945, by French Journalist Robert Guillain who at the time had visited the Fuchu Prison.[1][2] While in prison, he occupied a cell adjacent to fellow Communist leader Yoshio Shiga.[5] Upon his release, he was reportedly hoisted to the shoulders of a crowd of Communists and Koreans chanting anti-imperial messages.[6]
After World War II, he was elected to the House of Representatives in the general election of 1946 along with his cousin, Senzo Nosaka, who had returned from the Republic of China. In the same year he married his cousin Kosaku's widow, Tatsu Tokuda (formerly known as Kanehara). Tokuda was involved in the 1947 general strike and in 1948, he survived an assassination attempt by a dynamite-laden soda bottle thrown at his feet while he was giving a speech.[7] By 1950, he was considered the second-in-command of the JCP and a key supporter of party leader Sanzo Nosaka; in the same year his party split internally following criticism by the Comiform.[5] Along with other JCP leaders, he was purged from public office and politics under the Allied occupation. In October of the same year he defected to the PRC from the port of Osaka and organized the Peking Organization. Tokuda would continue to make decisions on the party's general policy from his exile.[1] During his last years in China, he led a "mainstream" faction of the JCP and organized violent operations in Japan through the underground "Free Japan Radio".[8] He died in Beijing and his death was not made public until 1955. A memorial service for Tokuda was held in Beijing on September 13 of the same year, which was attended by 30,000 people.
In the opening session of the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 14 February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev asked delegates to rise in honour of the Communist leaders who had died since the last congress - and named Kyuichi Tokuda, whose name was nearly unknown in the Soviet Union, on equal terms with the recently deceased Joseph Stalin. That was a clear and deliberate insult to Stalin, and it served as a preliminary to Khrushchev's speech later in the same conference in which he strongly denounced Stalin's "Cult of Personality".[9]
Works
edit- Eighteen Years in Prison (Gokuchu juhachi-nen) by Kyuichi Tokuda and Yoshio Shiga. Published by the Japanese Communist Party in 1948.
- Appeal to the People
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d "Tokuda, Kyuichi". www.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ a b Milorad M. Drachkovitch (December 1, 1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 472–473.
- ^ Mitchell, Richard H. (1992). Janus-Faced Justice: Political Criminals in Imperial Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780824814106. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ Ishikawa, Machiko. "Writing the Sense of Loss in the Inner Self: A Narrative of Nakagami Kenji and Nagayama Norioin Late 1960s Tokyo" (PDF). Australian National University. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ a b "JAPAN: Red Schism". Time. 1950-05-08. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ ""Remove Hirohito" Is Cry Of Freed Jap Communists". Toronto Daily Star. 1945-10-10. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ "Pressure From Left Increases in Japan". The Lewiston Daily Sun. 1948-07-20. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ Masaki, Nobuaki (2016-04-07). "Red-Baiting in 2016 – SNA Japan". shingetsunewsagency.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ Tompson, William J. (1995). Khrushchev: A Political Life. St. Martin's Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-312-12365-9.
External links
edit
- Kyuichi Tokuda at Find a Grave
- Fuchu Prison Exterior Shiga Yoshio previous release 球一 Tokuda 球一 addressed Tokuda (in Japanese). Wazee Digital Commerce. 10 October 1945.
- Fuchu Prison inmate Kyuichi Tokuda expresses joy at his release while former inmate Tosaji Obara, finance director of the Japan Holiness Church, says his religious beliefs were suppressed while he was incarcerated (in Japanese). NHK. 7 November 1945.
- Leader of the Japanese Communist Party Kyuichi Tokuda appeals for the ademocratization of Japan (in Japanese). NHK. November 22, 1945.