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Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

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The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (TMPD) (警視庁, Keishichō),[1] known locally as simply the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD),[2] is the prefectural police of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. Founded in 1874, the TMPD is the largest police force in Japan by number of officers, with a staff of more than 40,000 police officers and over 2,800 civilian personnel.

Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
警視庁
Keishichō
Asahikage
Asahikage
Headquarters building
Headquarters building
Patch
Patch
AbbreviationTMPD
Agency overview
Formed9 January 1874
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionTokyo, Kantō region, Japan
Governing bodyTokyo Metropolitan Government
General nature
Operational structure
Overseen byTokyo Metropolitan Public Safety Commission
Headquarters1-1 Kasumigaseki 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8929
Sworns43,566
Police Administrative Civilians3,015
Agency executives
  • Yoshimi Ogata, Superintendent General
  • Toshie Tanaka, Deputy Superintendent General
Bureaus
6
  • Administration
  • Personnel and Training
  • Traffic
  • Community Police Affairs
  • Security
  • Public Security
  • Criminal Investigation
  • Community Safety
  • Organized Crime Control
Facilities
Stations102
Patrol Cars1292
Motorcycles958
Security boats22
Helicopters14
Dogs36
Horses16
Website
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (in Japanese)
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (in English)

The TMPD is headed by a Superintendent-General, who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission and approved by the Prime Minister. It manages 10 divisions and 102 stations across the Metropolis.[3]

The TMPD's headquarters are located in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. Built in 1980, it is 18 stories tall, and is a large wedge-shaped building with a cylindrical tower. The HQ building is located opposite of Sakurada Gate, so it is also metonymically called "Sakurada Gate".[4]

History

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Tokyo Metropolitan Police Headquarters in 1931

The TMPD was established by Japanese statesman Kawaji Toshiyoshi in 1874. Kawaji, who had helped establish the earlier rasotsu in 1871 following the disestablishment of the Edo period police system, was part of the Iwakura Mission to Europe, where he gathered information on Western policing; he was mostly inspired by the police of France, especially the National Gendarmerie on which the rasotsu were based. On 9 January 1874, the TMPD was established as part of the Home Ministry, with Kawaji serving as its first Superintendent-General.[5]

 
TMPD officers in charge of censorship duties in 1938

By the 1880s, the police had developed into a nationwide instrument of government control, and their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the foundations of the authoritarian state in the Empire of Japan during the first half of the 20th century. By the 1920s and 1930s, police across Japan, including the TMPD, were responsible not only for law enforcement and public security, but also firefighting, labor dispute mediation, censorship, upholding public morality, issuing permits, and government regulation of businesses, construction, and public health.

When Japan surrendered at the end of World War II, the TMPD was placed under Allied control in occupied Japan. The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers viewed the existing Japanese police system as undemocratic and sought to reform it, so in 1947 the Old Police Law (旧警察法, Kyū keisatsu-hō) was passed, decentralizing Japanese police and reorganizing them into municipal police and rural police; as a municipal police force, the TMPD was limited to the 23 wards of Tokyo, but the "Metropolitan" part of the name remained. Police firefighting duties were also split off to independent fire departments, with the TMPD's Fire Bureau developing into the Tokyo Fire Department in 1948. However, issues concerning manpower and efficiency among smaller and spread out municipalities arose, so in 1954 the amended Police Law (警察法, Keisatsu-hō) was passed, reunifying the police into prefectural divisions under the National Police Agency;[5] as part of the amendment, the TMPD regained jurisdiction over the Tokyo metropolitan area.

In 2017, the TMPD established the Cyber Attack Countermeasures Center, consisting of 100 officers from the Cyber Attack Special Investigation Unit, originally from the PSB.[6]

To prepare for the G20 summit in 2019, the TMPD announced the establishment of the Water Response Team in order to police bodies of water near G20 summit venues.[7]

Scandals

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In 1978, the TMPD was investigated when a uniformed officer killed a female university student inside her residence.[8]

In 1997, an officer was caught falsifying evidence in an amphetamine investigation.[8]

In 2007, the TMPD was under scrutiny when a serving TMPD officer used his officially-issued firearm to commit a murder–suicide.[8]

In 2014, the chief of Kamata Police Station in Ōta was disciplined after a police officer assigned there committed suicide following severe workplace harassment.[9]

Organization

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The TMPD is under the command of a Superintendent-General and reports directly to the Tokyo Metropolitan Public Safety Commission. The Superintendent-General can be appointed and replaced at any time as long as the prime minister and the TMPSC receives their approval.[10]

Since the TMPD is autonomous, it does not operate under the authority of any Regional Police Bureau.[11]

The TMPD has nine bureaus that report to the Deputy Superintendent General:[3]

The TMPD also operates its own academy, the Metropolitan Police Academy.

Ranks and insignia

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The ranks used in the TMPD have been slightly revised in 2013, changing only the English translation of some of the ranks used by the force.[3]

Otherwise, these ranks have been observed throughout its history.[12] (Note that Deputy Superintendent-General is, strictly speaking, a post rather than a rank).

  • Superintendent-General (four gold rising suns)
  • Deputy Superintendent-General (post gold-wreathed gold emblem with three gold bars)[a]
  • Senior Commissioner (gold-wreathed gold emblem with three gold bars), formerly Superintendent Supervisor[b]
  • Commissioner (gold-wreathed gold emblem with two gold bars), formerly Chief Superintendent[b]
  • Assistant Commissioner (gold-wreathed gold emblem with one gold bar), formerly Senior Superintendent[b]
  • Superintendent (gold-wreathed silver emblem with three gold bars)
  • Chief Inspector (gold-wreathed silver emblem with two gold bars), formerly Inspector[b]
  • Inspector (gold-wreathed silver emblem with one gold bar), formerly Assistant Inspector[b]
  • Sergeant (silver-wreathed silver emblem with three gold bars)
  • Senior Police Officer (silver-wreathed silver emblem with two gold bars)
  • Police Officer (silver-wreathed silver emblem with one gold bar)
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Not observed from TMPD websites/books as of 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e Minor adaptions were made by the TMPD in 2013.

References

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  1. ^ "Police of Japan" (PDF). www.npa.go.jp.
  2. ^ "Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters（Spot）|Chiyoda Tourism Association".
  3. ^ a b c TMPD. "2019 Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department" (PDF). p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-27. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  4. ^ "霞が関、桜田門、兜町…「別の意味」でも使われる東京の地名 | マネーポストWEBマネーポストWEB". マネーポストWEB (in Japanese). 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  5. ^ a b "History" (PDF). npa.go.jp. National Police Agency (Japan). 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  6. ^ "警視庁に「サイバー攻撃対策センター」が発足" [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department launches Cyber Attack Countermeasure Center]. cybersecurity-jp.com (in Japanese).
  7. ^ "東京五輪警備へ初の対テロ部隊 警視庁". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  8. ^ a b c "Top Tokyo cop reprimanded for alleged murder by officer". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 21 September 2007.
  9. ^ Clegg, Cara (23 April 2014). "'Power harassment' in Japan's police force blamed for officer's suicide". SoraNews24.
  10. ^ "The Present Police Organizations of Japan and the Philippines" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  11. ^ Nakahara, Hidenori (1956). "The Japanese Police" (PDF). scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  12. ^ "The Police of Japan" (PDF). National Police Agency of Japan. 1982. Retrieved 2019-05-13 – via National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Police Department, police stations Archived 2014-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Ogasawara Archived 2014-10-02 at the Wayback Machine: 管内の概況 Archived 2014-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
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