J. R. R. Tolkien came to feel that the flat earth cosmology he embodied in his legendarium would be unacceptable to a modern readership. In The Silmarillion, Earth was created flat and was changed to round as a cataclysmic event during the Second Age in order to prevent direct access by Men to Valinor, home of the immortals.[1] In the Round World Version, Earth is spherical from the beginning.
Tolkien abandoned the Round World Version before completing The Lord of the Rings, but later regretted this decision. He created a Round World Version, "The Drowning of Anadûnê", of the Akallabêth, the central story of the submerging of Númenor. He felt unable to proceed with it because the Flat World version was so deeply embedded in his mythology, with vitally important[2] symbols like the Two Trees of Valinor which could not fit in a Round World Version. He never resolved the dilemma, continuing to redraft his published works to make them compatible with a round world version for most of the rest of his life.
His son Christopher, editing The Silmarillion which he published after Tolkien's death, considered adjusting the text to comply with Tolkien's wish to return to the Round World Version. He decided against doing that, not least because the Akallabêth relies intrinsically on the Flat World cosmology.
Scholars have given at least three possible reasons why Tolkien should have felt the need for the drastic change to his mythology. Firstly, Tolkien believed that the Númenóreans would understand that a flat Earth was impossible, and so would not have passed on a story about it. Secondly, he felt that ordinary readers would find it impossible to suspend their disbelief in a flat earth with magical trees. Thirdly, his attitude seems to have shifted from feeling comfortable with mythology to wanting Middle-earth to be realistically historical.
History
edit
Tolkien gives the fullest account of the creation myth in the Ainulindalë ("Music of the Ainur"). He wrote the original version in the 1930s, calling it the "Flat World Version", or later the "Old Flat World Version" after he had created a new flat world version. In 1946 he wrote the "Round World Version", intending this to be the published version. Tolkien sent both the "Old Flat World Version" and the "Round World Version" to Katharine Farrer (mystery novelist and wife of the theologian Austin Farrer) for review in 1948. Farrer replied to him in October, strongly supporting the Flat World Version – "The hope of Heaven is the only thing which makes modern astronomy tolerable".[3] Farrer seems to have influenced Tolkien to abandon the Round World Version, which he did before completing The Lord of the Rings, or even starting its last volume, The Return of the King.[4][5] Tolkien created a new manuscript from a heavily edited Old Flat World Version.[T 1] He then produced a final polished Round World manuscript with illuminated capitals.[4]
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 1930s | Flat World Version |
| 1946 | Round World Ainulindalë |
| 1948? | Round World Akallabêth |
| 1966 | Round World edits in 3rd ed. of The Hobbit |
| 1977 | Christopher Tolkien's heavily edited Flat World Ainulindalë in The Silmarillion |
No version of the Ainulindalë was published during Tolkien's lifetime, but a heavily edited version[4] later formed the first chapter of the 1977 The Silmarillion edited by Tolkien's son Christopher.[T 1] The earliest version (named "The Music of the Ainur", not Ainulindalë) was published in 1984 in The Book of Lost Tales volume 1.[T 2][6] The Old Flat World Version was included in the 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings. Both the Round World Version and the New Flat World Version were included in the 1993 Morgoth's Ring.[T 3] The latter is a more faithful reproduction of Tolkien's manuscript than the edited version in The Silmarillion.[1]
Tolkien wrote a Round World Version of the Akallabêth,[1] possibly in 1948 to match the Ainulindalë Round World Version.[7] The Akallabêth is an Atlantis-like story of the destruction of the island of Númenor, brought about by Sauron's deception of its people. In the Flat World Akallabêth, this geographic change is part of the transition from flat to round world, effectively explaining how the world was flat in the First Age, but is round now.[8] Like the Ainulindalë, the Akallabêth was not published during Tolkien's lifetime, but it was included in The Silmarillion.[T 4]
Tolkien continued incorporating the Round World Versions into his later Middle-earth writings. In 1960–61, Tolkien invented heraldic devices for his characters, including a "Winged Sun" for Finwë. This presupposes the Round World version, as in the Flat World version the Sun does not exist until after Finwë's death.[9] He mentioned a Round World cosmology in a BBC interview in 1964, during which he briefly discussed the drowning of Númenor.[T 5] In the third edition of The Hobbit (published in 1966), he altered the text to have the Wood-elves lingering in the twilight of the Sun, implying a Round World, instead of lingering in the twilight before the raising of the Sun, as would be the case in a Flat World.[10][11]
In-universe description
edit
Christopher Tolkien described the Round World Version as "de-mythologised", as it abolishes many elements of Tolkien's mythology. As well as removing the flat Earth, it abolishes the need for the Sun and Moon to be transported by mythical beings. Also gone are the two enormous lamps that light the Earth before the creation of the Sun: the Sun shines from the beginning. In the Round World Version, the Earth has always been round, and Arda is the name for the whole solar system, not just the Earth. The Sun and the Moon are not the fruit of the Two Trees, but preceded the creation of the Trees. Instead, the Trees preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by Melkor. The Moon is not created by Eru, the supreme being, as in the Flat World Version, but by Melkor, his chief antagonist, who tears it from the Earth. The Moon becomes Melkor's stronghold, and because of this, it is moved further away from the Earth by the Valar to diminish Melkor's influence. Christopher Tolkien considers this a further piece of de-mythologising: the Moon is created after the Earth and from a part of it, in accordance with the scientific paradigm.[12]
In the Round World Akallabêth, the Earth is in fact round from the beginning, and the Elves teach the Númenóreans that it is so; but one of Sauron's deceptions is to tell the Númenóreans that it is flat. As a result, when the survivors of the Downfall explore the Earth in search of their lost home, thus finding proof that the world is round, they then believe that it had been made so only after Númenor was drowned.[T 7] During the Downfall, Valinor is not removed from the physical world (as in the Flat World version); instead, its landmass simply becomes America. It is instead those who dwell there, the Valar and the Elves, who since the Downfall live only in memory: thus the End of Arda is moved ahead by Eru, as far as the Elves are concerned.[T 8]
According to the in-universe transmission, the legends of the Silmarillion would be passed down through Númenor. Thus, even though the High Elves of Valinor would know the astronomical truth from the Valar, the actual stories as transmitted are "blended and confused"; they arise from Mannish mythology and cosmology, as well as the traditions of the Elves who had never left Middle-earth.[T 9][T 10]
Tolkien's dilemma
editAn internal problem: impossible to the Númenóreans
editAccording to the lawyer and author on Tolkien Douglas Kane, the fundamental problem Tolkien had with the Flat World Version was that the Númenóreans, the ancestors of Men, were the means by which the legends of the earliest days were transmitted to later generations. Tolkien believed that the Númenóreans would understand that a flat Earth was impossible.[4]
An external problem: incredible to the ordinary reader
editThe Tolkien scholar John D. Rateliff takes a different view of the problem, writing that Tolkien had changed his mind about what an ordinary reader would be able to believe, or the extent to which that reader might be able to suspend their disbelief, in the face of a medieval cosmology. Rateliff wrote that[13]
Tolkien had come to believe that the average reader's astronomical knowledge by the middle of the twentieth century was sufficient that the idea of a flat earth—circled by a little sun and moon that were glowing fruits and flowers from magical trees carried in flying boats, each of which, steered by an angel, sails in the sky from east to west before travelling back beneath the earth by night—simply [wouldn't] do.[13]
Christopher Tolkien wrote in Morgoth's Ring that his father had decided to reconstruct his mythology to a Round World model because he had
come to believe that such a vast upheaval was a necessity, that the cosmos of the old myth was no longer valid; and at the same time he was impelled to try to construct a more secure 'theoretical' or 'systematic' basis for elements in the legendarium that were not to be dislodged.
— Christopher Tolkien, Morgoth's Ring[14]
A change in attitude
editThe Inklings scholar David Bratman identifies a third possible reason for moving to a Round World model: that "Tolkien's attitude to his creation" had shifted.[15] He suggests that Tolkien had grown "more analytical with details in general", giving as example the work he did late in his life, documented in The Nature of Middle-earth, in which he laboriously compares the Elvish and human life cycles.[15] Bratman describes as an "absolutely crushing moment" the time when Tolkien made up his mind that
his beautiful mythological image of Valinor being separated from the mortal lands when the shape of the world was changed was not feasible—what happened to it physically? So it must have lost its Valinorian magic and become America.
In Bratman's view, the cause of this change was that he had gradually and perhaps unwittingly turned the mythological legendarium into an annalistic history "modeled on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles".[15] The further back the exact historical dates went, the more acute the crisis became; and the dates could go very far back into what had been vague mythological time, because Elves like Elrond could remember events thousands of years before the events of the War of the Ring. And Tolkien had written The Lord of the Rings in a far more modern style than the Silmarillion, supported by extensive "historical" Appendices including exact chronologies.[15]
| Period | Approach | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Early | "purely mythological" | The Book of Lost Tales "when Beren was an Elf, Sauron was a cat and minstrels had names like Tinfang Warble" |
| Middle | "mixed mythological-historical" | The Lord of the Rings, and its "historical" Appendices, complete with dates |
| Late | "purely historical and scientific" | "the only partially sketched" Round World version |
The horns of the dilemma
editThe Flat World Version, Tolkien had come to feel, was thus essentially unacceptable, whether internally or externally, requiring replacement.[13] But the story of the submerging of Númenor relies intrinsically on this cosmology. Many other dramatic moments would be lost or need serious revision to make a Round World Version consistent across all of the works in the Middle-earth legendarium.[4] Among the tales that would need revising, but for which Tolkien produced no alternative version, is the story of the Two Trees.[5] Matthew Dickerson calls these "the most important mythic symbols in all of the legendarium".[2]
The Round World Version thus represents a major, concrete part of Tolkien's attempt to entirely rewrite the mythology of Middle-earth.[17] Rateliff comments that Tolkien had an "extremely good" grasp of the "cascading effects" of making such a change in his legendarium; and that this change was uniquely awkward, as it stood at the junction of the myths from Valinor and the legends of Beleriand. Tolkien saw that he would have to rewrite the early tales that set out his cosmology, and stop work on the legends until the cosmology had been made fully consistent. In Rateliff's view, Tolkien "became convinced that he had to make changes he simply couldn't bring himself to make"[13] and became stuck; this problem was compounded by his publisher's rejection of The Silmarillion in 1951. Even if Tolkien could have resolved one of these issues, Rateliff writes, the two together "probably" ensured that no version of The Silmarillion would be published in his lifetime.[13]
Tolkien gave the Round World Version of the Akallabêth the name The Drowning of Anadûnê; this was eventually published in Sauron Defeated in 1992.[T 7] He described this as the "Man's version", possibly to distinguish it from the Elvish version in the Akallabêth, and to reconcile why there are two versions in the legendarium. Despite his desire to abandon or heavily revise the Flat World Version, he found himself unable to do so, as it was already too deeply embedded in the universe he had created.[5] Tolkien was attempting, but failing, to reinforce the sense of believability in his mythology by bringing it more into line with scientific knowledge of the history of the Earth.[18][10]
Patrick Curry argued in 2013 that the Round World Version generated as many problems as it solved, such as where the earthly paradise of Valinor might now be placed[18] – though Tolkien's own solution to this problem was only published in 2014.[T 12] Carl Hostetter added that Tolkien's solution appears to contradict The Lord of the Rings, in which Frodo journeys to what appears to be a "very physical" Tol Eressëa.[T 8] The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger described the attempt as "a 180% [sic] turn", citing Christopher Tolkien's description of it, "'a fearful weapon' against his own creation".[19]
In Christopher Tolkien's view, his father's manuscripts reveal a tension or "stress" between the need for the new model, and the difficulty of such a fundamental reconstruction of the mythology:
With their questionings, their certainties giving way to doubt, their contradictory resolutions, these writings are to be read with a sense of [Tolkien's] intellectual and imaginative stress in the face of such a dismantling and reconstitution, believed to be an inescapable necessity, but never achieved.
— Christopher Tolkien, Morgoth's Ring[14]
Kristine Larsen likens Tolkien's struggles to reconcile cosmology with his mythology to the Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe's attempts to reconcile his observations with his model of the solar system.[20] She quotes Christopher Tolkien's description of his father's struggles as "a prolonged interior debate",[14][20] and his judgement that:
It may be... that he came to perceive from such experimental writing as this text that the old structure was too comprehensive, too interlocked in all its parts, indeed its roots too deep, to withstand such a devastating surgery.
— Christopher Tolkien, Morgoth's Ring[21]
In Larsen's view, Tolkien was neither able to "ignore the simple logic of a heliocentric cosmology", nor to switch over to it "as it would break much of what was so poetic in his fictional cosmology."[22]
| Original principles to be retained | Modern cosmology to be reflected |
|---|---|
| Arda is flat; Arda is "our planet". | Earth as a "planet orbiting the Sun in space" |
| Light of the Two Trees of Valinor | |
| Treat "Sun and Moon as lesser lights" inferior to that of the Trees | |
| Centrality of the Silmarils (containing light of the Two Trees) |
Choice for The Silmarillion
editWhile preparing The Silmarillion for its 1977 publication, Christopher Tolkien was aware that his father had intended to update it to a new Round World Version. He considered editing the manuscripts to comply with this wish. In other respects, he had edited the stories to make them internally self-consistent, and consistent with the already published canon.[4] He later published several edited versions of his father's Silmarillion stories in the 12-volume The History of Middle-earth.[4]
Christopher decided against such a cosmological update for several reasons. What his father had left of the Round World Silmarillion was no more than an outline of his intentions. The earlier Round World Version was no longer viable, because by this stage it differed too greatly from already published works. The Silmarillion would either need major rework, or the change would have to be allowed to introduce new inconsistencies.[4]
Kristine Larsen argues that Christopher's "uncharacteristically scant" commentary on the Round World revisions in Morgoth's Ring is related to his own rejection of that cosmology. While she agrees with Christopher that the Flat World cosmology is "beautiful", she nonetheless finds it "unfortunate" that these cosmological reworkings did not receive a full analysis. She points to various astronomical implications of the Round World texts (including the possible existence of extraterrestrial life in the legendarium) that Christopher did not comment on.[23]
See also
edit- The Science of Discworld II: The Globe
- Tolkien's moral dilemma – another dilemma that Tolkien never resolved, on the nature of Orcs and evil
References
editPrimary
edit- ^ a b Tolkien 1993, Ainulindalë
- ^ Tolkien 1984, "The Music of the Ainur"
- ^ Tolkien 1993, "The Later Quenta Silmarillion"
- ^ Tolkien 1977, Akallabêth
- ^ Gueroult & Tolkien 1964
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter 154 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 September 1954
- ^ a b Tolkien 1992, "The Drowning of Anadûnê"
- ^ a b Tolkien 2021, "The Númenórean Catastrophe & End of “Physical” Aman", pp. 343–345
- ^ Tolkien 1993, "Myths Transformed"
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter 325 to Roger Lancelyn Green, 17 July 1971
- ^ Tolkien 2021, p. 343
- ^ Tolkien 2014
Secondary
edit- ^ a b c Kane 2009, p. 33.
- ^ a b Dickerson 2013.
- ^ Tolkien 1993, Ainulindalë: Farrer, quoted by Christopher Tolkien.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kane 2009, p. 34.
- ^ a b c Whittingham 2008, p. 117.
- ^ Nagy 2013, p. 608.
- ^ Kane 2009, p. 243.
- ^ a b Shippey 2005, pp. 324–328.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 1998, pp. 187–198.
- ^ a b Garbowski 2013, p. 425.
- ^ Tolkien 2002, p. 219.
- ^ Whittingham 2008, pp. 117–118.
- ^ a b c d e Rateliff 2020.
- ^ a b c Tolkien 1993, p. 369.
- ^ a b c d e f Bratman 2022.
- ^ Rilstone 2021.
- ^ Nagy 2013, p. 609.
- ^ a b Curry 2013, p. 139.
- ^ Flieger 2023.
- ^ a b c Larsen 2024.
- ^ Tolkien 1993, p. 383.
- ^ Larsen 2021.
- ^ Larsen 2023.
Sources
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- Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
- Curry, Patrick (2013) [2007]. "Earth". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- Dickerson, Matthew (2013) [2007]. "Trees". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 678–679. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
- Flieger, Verlyn (2023). "'A Fearful Weapon'". Mythlore. 42 (1). Article 10.
- Garbowski, Christopher (2013) [2007]. "Middle-earth". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 422–428. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- Gueroult, Denys; Tolkien, J. R. R. (1964). "J. R. R. Tolkien". BBC Radio 4: Author Archive Collection. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
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- Larsen, Kristine (2021). "The Walls of the World and the Voyages of the Evening Star: The Byzantine Borders of Tolkien's Biblical/Classical/Medieval/Geocentric/Heliocentric Complicated Cosmology". Journal of Tolkien Research. 13 (1). Article 3.
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- Larsen, Kristine (2024). "A Medievalist Myth-making Crisis: Tolkien's Tychonic Cosmology". Journal of Tolkien Research. 19 (1). Article 7.
- Nagy, Gergely (2013) [2007]. "Silmarillion, The". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 608–612. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- Rateliff, John D. (2020). "The flat Earth made round and Tolkien's failure to finish The Silmarillion". Journal of Tolkien Research. 9 (1).
- Rilstone, Andrew (16 November 2021). "The Nature of Middle-earth". The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
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- Tolkien, J. R. R. (2002). Anderson, Douglas A. (ed.). The Annotated Hobbit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618134700.
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