Wikipedia

Libingan ng mga Bayani

(Redirected from Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Philippines))
Not to be confused with Bantayog ng mga Bayani.

Libingan ng mga Bayani (LNMB, local pronunciation: [liːˈbiːŋan ˈnaŋ maˈŋa baˈjaːni], lit. 'Cemetery of [the] Heroes') is a national cemetery within Fort Bonifacio (formerly Fort William McKinley) in Barangay Western Bicutan, Taguig, Philippines.

Libingan ng mga Bayani
Philippines
Used for those deceased
EstablishedMay 1947 (1947-05) (as Republic Memorial Cemetery)
Location14°31′12″N 121°02′38″E / 14.520°N 121.044°E / 14.520; 121.044
Fort Bonifacio, Western Bicutan, Taguig, Philippines
Websitehttps://pvao.gov.ph/military-shrines/libingan-ng-mga-bayani/

First established in May 1947 as a fitting resting place for Philippine military personnel from privates to generals who served during World War II, it eventually became designated as the official place of burial for deceased Philippine presidents, national heroes, patriots, National Artists and National Scientists.

Among those buried in the cemetery are Filipino soldiers who died during the Philippine Campaign and the Liberation of the Philippines in World War II from 1941 to 1945. Among the Filipino leaders and dignitaries buried there are Presidents Elpidio Quirino, Carlos P. Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal; former Vice President Salvador H. Laurel; generals Artemio Ricarte and Carlos P. Romulo; Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Angelo Reyes; and former Senate Presidents Arturo Tolentino and Blas Ople. Fidel Ramos is the most recent president to be buried there, on August 9, 2022.[1]

History

 
Tombstones of fallen Filipino soldiers at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

The cemetery was first established in May 1947 as the Republic Memorial Cemetery. It was first established as a tribute and final resting place for the 33,520 to 58,780 Filipino soldiers who died during the Philippine Campaign (1941–42) and the Allied Liberation of the Philippines (1944–45) in World War II.[2][3] It was established as the Filipino counterpart to the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, which houses the remains of United States personnel who died during the same war.[4]

On June 16, 1948, Philippine President Elpidio Quirino signed into law the Republic Act 289, also known as An Act Providing for the Construction of a National Pantheon for Presidents of the Philippines, National Heroes, and Patriots of the Country.[5] Section 1 of the Act cites the purpose of creating such pantheon:

To perpetuate the memory of all the Presidents of the Philippines, national heroes and patriots for the inspiration and emulation of this generation and of generations still unborn...[5]

While such National Pantheon was never established during Quirino's lifetime,[6] several decrees and laws passed under succeeding administrations led to the eventual use of the Republic Memorial Cemetery as a national pantheon described in Republic Act 289.

On October 27, 1954, President Ramon Magsaysay renamed the Republic Memorial Cemetery as the Libingan ng mga Bayani.[2] On May 28, 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 208 ordering the reservation of 142 hectares of land within Fort Bonifacio in consideration for the Libingan to serve not only as a cemetery for military personnel but also as a national shrine for fallen heroes. He ordered it placed under the administration of the Military Shrines Services of the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office, an agency under the Department of National Defense.[2][7]

On April 9, 1986, Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Fidel Ramos and President Corazon Aquino issued Armed Forces Regulations G 161-373, also known as "The allocation of Cemetery Plots at the LNMB". This military-issued regulation established the interment policy that would become the basis for the burial of personalities at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.[8][9][10] Moreover, by virtue of Executive Order No. 131 issued by former President Fidel Ramos on 26 October 1993, National Artists and National Scientists of the Philippines were also made eligible for interment at the cemetery.[11]

In 2007, due to overcrowding at the Fort Bonifacio site, the cemetery's administration started exploring sites for Libingan ng mga Bayani annexes in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Only one has been completed so far, the ₱24-million, five-hectare extension at Camp Hernandez in Dingle, Iloilo.[12]

On November 18, 2016, former dictator Ferdinand Marcos was buried in a private ceremony with military honors, amid much controversy resulting in a handful of protests in various parts of the Philippines.[13][14][15]

On January 4, 2019, a five-year development program for the cemetery, which is projected to cost about ₱3.3 billion, was approved by Secretary of National Defense Delfin Lorenzana.[16] The program's goal is to rehabilitate and transform the LNMB into a world-class national cemetery at par with the nearby Manila American Cemetery. The first phase of the program is to be implemented by the Bases Conversion and Development Authority and includes the construction of a dignified cemetery area, a historical theme park, and a memorial shrine.[17]

Administration

The cemetery is administered and maintained by the Grave Service Unit (GSU), a unit of the Philippine Army Support Command of the AFP. Its mission is to provide burial and niche services to deceased military personnel and other personalities interred at the cemetery. Aside from maintaining the cemetery and the military grave site at Manila North Cemetery, the unit is also capable of providing mortuary and memorial services to authorized personnel.[2][12]

Interment policy

According to Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Regulation G 161-373, the following persons are entitled to interment at the Libingan ng mga Bayani:[6][9][10]

  • Medal of Valor awardees
  • Presidents or Commanders-in-Chief, AFP
  • Vice Presidents of the Philippines
  • The secretaries of National Defense
  • AFP Chiefs of Staff
  • General/Flag Officers
  • Active and retired military personnel of the AFP
  • Justices of the Supreme Court (either Chief or Associate Justice)
  • Justices of the Court of Appeals (either Chief or Associate Justice)
  • Senators and Senate President
  • Former AFP members who laterally entered/joined the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
  • Veterans of the Philippine Revolution of 1896, the First and Second World Wars, as well as recognized guerrillas
  • Government dignitaries, statesmen, national artists and other deceased persons whose interment has been approved by the commander-in-chief, Congress or the Secretary of National Defense, and
  • Former Presidents, Vice Presidents, Secretaries of National Defense, widows of former Presidents and Chiefs of Staff
  • National Artists and National Scientists of the Philippines[11]

However, the same regulation also prohibits "personnel who were dishonorably separated/ reverted/ discharged from the service and personnel who were convicted by final judgment of an offense involving moral turpitude" from interment at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.[6][9][10]

Features

The first structure that visitors will see upon entering the grounds of the cemetery complex is the Heroes Memorial Gate, a large concrete tripod with a stairway leading to an upper view deck with a metal sculpture at the center.[2] Erected on opposite sides of the main entrance road near the Heroes Memorial Gate are two 12-foot (3.7 m) high black stone walls which bear the words that General Douglas MacArthur uttered during a journey to the Philippines in 1961: "I do not know the dignity of his birth, but I do know the glory of his death."[2]

The main structure, located at the center of the cemetery, is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where wreath laying ceremonies are held when Philippine government officials and foreign dignitaries visit the cemetery. Inscribed on the tomb are the words: "Here lies a Filipino soldier whose name is known only to God." Behind the tomb are three marble pillars representing the three main island groups in the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.[2]

There are several pylons as well commemorating the gallantry of Filipino soldiers who died in various wars in world history. These include the Korean Memorial Pylon, which honors 112 Filipino officers and men who were members of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) who perished during the Korean War; the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Pylon, which was dedicated to the members of the Philippine contingent and Philippine civic action groups (PHILCON-V and PHILCAG-V) that were sent to Vietnam during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1971; and the Philippine World War II Guerrillas Pylon, which was erected by the Veterans Federation of the Philippines as a testimony to the indomitable spirit and bravery of the Filipino guerrillas of World War II.[2]

  •  
    Entrance gate
  •  
    Heroes Memorial Gate
  •  
    Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
  •  
    Bulwagan
  •  
    Mortuary

Notable burials

Presidents of the Philippines

Vice President of the Philippines

Chief Justices of the Philippines

Senators of the Philippines

Government dignitaries

Secretaries of National Defense

Chiefs of Staff the Armed Forces of the Philippines

National Scientists of the Philippines

National Artists of the Philippines

Medal of Valor Recipients

Military Officers and Civilians

Former interments

See also

References

  1. ^ "Supreme Court allows burial of Marcos at Libingan ng mga Bayani". CNN Philippines. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h La Putt, Juny. "Libingan ng mga Bayani (Cemetery of the Heroes)". CorregidorIsland.com. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  3. ^ "Libingan ng mga Bayani". Taguig Landmarks. City Government of Taguig. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  4. ^ Rodell, Paul A. (2002). Culture and customs of the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 0313304157. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  5. ^ a b "Republic Act No. 289-An Act Providing for the Construction of a National Pantheon for Presidents of the Philippines, National Heroes, and Patriots of the Country". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  6. ^ a b c "Why not Libingan ng mga Pangulo instead?". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  7. ^ "Libingan ng mga Bayani". Our Heritage and the Departed: A Cemeteries Tour. Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  8. ^ "Quick facts about the Presidency". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c D. Pascual Jr., Federico (April 23, 2011). "Trudging back to old haunts and bad habits". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c Elena, Aben (May 27, 2016). "AFP explains rules for 'Libingan ng mga Bayani'". The Manila Bulletin. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Executive Order No. 131 – Facilitating the State Funeral of Deceased National Artists and National Scientists". The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 26, 1993.
  12. ^ a b Dizon, Nikko (November 4, 2007). "Burial space for soldiers running out". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Armed Forces: Instruction was to keep Marcos burial a secret". The Philippine Star. November 18, 2016.
  14. ^ "Protesters take to streets to denounce Marcos 'Libingan' burial". CNN Philippines. November 19, 2016. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  15. ^ "Protests after Ferdinand Marcos' burial". Philippine Star. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  16. ^ "SND Approves LNMB Comprehensive Master Development Plan". Philippine Veteran's Affairs Office. January 24, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  17. ^ "PVAO, BCDA Sign MOA on LNMB Comprehensive Master Development Plan". Philippine Veteran's Affairs Office. May 10, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Dizon, Jaymee T. Gamil, Nikko. "After 60 years, President Quirino gets burial he deserves". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 19, 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Romero, Paolo. "Fidel V. Ramos cremated, inurnment at Libingan set August 9". PhilStar. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  20. ^ "Magdalena Leones - Recipient -". THE HALL OF VALOR PROJECT. Sightline Media Group. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  21. ^ Guillermo, Emil. "Magdalena Leones, Filipina WWII Silver Star Recipient Who Aided MacArthur, Dies in California". NBC News. NBC Universal. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  22. ^ "Meet the Filipina Super Spy: Magdalena Leones". Philippine Veterans Affairs Office. July 4, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  23. ^ Pasion, Patty. "In protest of Marcos burial, national artist's remains exhumed". Rappler. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
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