The human palatine tonsils (PT) are covered by stratified squamous epithelium that extends into deep and partly branched tonsillar crypts, of which there are about 10 to 30.[1] The crypts greatly increase the contact surface between environmental influences and lymphoid tissue. In an average adult palatine tonsil the estimated epithelial surface area of the crypts is 295 cm2, in addition to the 45 cm2 of epithelium covering the oropharyngeal surface.[citation needed]
| Tonsillar crypts | |
|---|---|
 Low-power microscope magnification of a cross-section through one of the tonsillar crypts (running diagonally) as it opens onto the surface of the throat (at the top). Stratified epithelium (e) covers the throat's surface and continues as a lining of the crypt. Beneath the surface are numerous nodules (f) of lymphoid tissue. Many lymph cells (dark-colored region) pass from the nodules toward the surface and will eventually mix with the saliva as salivary corpuscles (s). | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | cryptae tonsillares |
| TA98 | A05.2.01.015 A13.2.02.002 A13.2.02.003 A05.3.01.008 |
| TA2 | 5180, 5190 |
| FMA | 76579 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The crypts extend through the full thickness of the tonsil reaching almost to its hemicapsule. In healthy tonsils the openings of the crypts are fissure-like, and the walls of the lumina are in apposition. A computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the palatine tonsil crypt system showed that in the centre of the palatine tonsil are tightly packed ramified crypts that join with each other, while on the periphery there is a rather simple and sparse arrangement.[citation needed]
The crypt system is not merely a group of invaginations of the tonsillar epithelium but a highly complicated network of canals with special types of epithelium and with various structures surrounding the canals, such as blood and lymphatic vessels and germinal centers.[citation needed]
Macrophages and other white blood cells concentrate by the tonsillar crypts as well, in response to the microorganisms attracted to the crypts. Accordingly, the tonsillar crypts serve a forward sentry role for the immune system, by providing early exposure of immune system cells to infectious organisms which may be introduced into the body via food or other ingested matter.[citation needed]
However, the tonsillar crypts often provide such an inviting environment to bacteria that bacterial colonies may form solidified "plugs" or "stones" within the crypts. In particular, sufferers of chronic sinusitis or post-nasal drip frequently suffer from these overgrowths of bacteria in the tonsillar crypts.[medical citation needed] These small whitish plugs, termed "tonsilloliths" and sometimes known as "tonsil stones," have a foul smell and can contribute to bad breath; furthermore, they can obstruct the normal flow of pus from the crypts, and may irritate the throat (people with tonsil stones may complain of the feeling that something is stuck in their throat).[citation needed]
Lingual tonsils in humans also have long crypts but, unlike the crypts in the palatine tonsils, they're unbranched.[2]
The small folds in adenoids are sometimes described as crypts.[3]
References
editThis article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2013) |
- ^ Barnes L (2000). Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 404. ISBN 9781420002782.
- ^ Shahid S. "Tonsils". Ken Hub. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
- ^ Fagö-Olsen H, Dines LM, Sørensen CH, Jensen A (12 February 2019). "The Adenoids but Not the Palatine Tonsils Serve as a Reservoir for Bacteria Associated with Secretory Otitis Media in Small Children". mSystems. 4 (1). doi:10.1128/mSystems.00169-18. PMC 6372837. PMID 30801022.