Totora (/toʊtʊərɑː/) (in Hispanicized spelling), Tutura or T'utura (Aymara and Quechua for Schoenoplectus californicus, an aquatic plant)[2][3][4] is a town in the Carrasco Province of the Cochabamba Department in Bolivia. It is the capital and most-populous place of the Totora Municipality. As of the 2012 census, the population is 1,925. The first settlers were the Inca. Totora was officially settled in 1876, and declared a town by the Government of Bolivia in 1894.
Totora | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Skyline, 2012 | |
|
Flag | |
| Nickname: City of the Pianos | |
 Location of Cochabamba Department in Bolivia | |
  Totora Location of in Cochabamba Department | |
| Coordinates: 17°44′8″S 65°11′31″W / 17.73556°S 65.19194°W | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Department | Cochabama |
| Province | Carrasco |
| Settled | 24 June 1876 |
| Incorporated (city) | 27 October 1894 |
| Named for | Tjutura, now-extinct aquatic plant from the area |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–council government |
| • Mayor | Emilio Mérida Meneces (MAS-IPSP) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 42 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,805 m (9,203 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| • Total | 1,925 |
| • Density | 46/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Totoreños |
| Ethnicity | |
| • Quechua | 88.6% |
| • Aymara | 2.2% |
| • Guaraní | 1.4% |
| • Chiquitano | 0.3% |
| • Other | 7.3% |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |
| Country code | +591 4 |
| Website | www |
History
editThe first settlers of the city were from the Inca Empire.[5] From 1530 until 1722, the land Totora occupied was in control of Spaniards, who mainly used the land for coca production.[6] The first time the town was mentioned was in 1639, when a landowner named Don Fernando García Murillo had established a chaplaincy.[7] The city was officially settled on 24 June 1876[8] after the Mizque Municipality was divided into the Mizque and the Totora Municipality.[9] It was officially declared a city by the Bolivian Government on 27 October 1894.[10] The first residents of Totora were wealthy landowners, traders, and textile artisans. It was also a trading stop between western and eastern Bolivia.[7]
On 22 May 1998, a 6.8 MW earthquake hit the Totora and Aiquile area. There were four foreshocks—ranging from 2.7 to 5.8—and consistent aftershocks until 27 May.[11] 105 people were killed,[12] and it was considered a "national tragedy" by then-President Hugo Banzer.[13]
In 2000, Totora was declared "Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by the United Nations.[14]
Geography
editClimate
edit| Climate data for Pocona[a], elevation 2,658 m (8,720 ft) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.7 (56.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.4 (48.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.7 (47.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
7.1 (44.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 195.2 (7.69) |
158.6 (6.24) |
122.6 (4.83) |
37.2 (1.46) |
6.2 (0.24) |
1.6 (0.06) |
4.6 (0.18) |
5.7 (0.22) |
12.3 (0.48) |
38.9 (1.53) |
78.9 (3.11) |
151.8 (5.98) |
813.6 (32.02) |
| Average precipitation days | 12.9 | 12.3 | 9.0 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 10.8 | 63.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68.1 | 66.6 | 66.6 | 63.3 | 51.7 | 44.3 | 39.2 | 43.3 | 48.3 | 54.2 | 62.6 | 62.5 | 55.9 |
| Source: Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia[15][16] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1845 | 1,000 | — |
| 1900 | 3,501 | +2.30% |
| 1992 | 1,347 | −1.03% |
| 2001 | 1,597 | +1.91% |
| 2012 | 1,925 | +1.71% |
| Sources:[17][18][19][20][21] | ||
According to the 2012 Bolivian census, the population of Totora was 1,925, an annual increase of 1.71% from 2001. The increase was unexpected, as the Association of Municipality of Cochabamba (AMDECO) projected the population to drop to 1,469.[22] There were 892 (46.33%) men and 1,033 (53.66%) women, for a ratio of 1.15 women to men. In 2012, there were 1,069 homes, and 457 families, for an average household of 1.80 persons.[21] Throughout history, the highest population of the city was 3,501 in 1992;[19] the lowest population was 1,000 in 1845.[17] With an estimated area of 42 km2 (16 sq mi), Totora has a population density of 46 people/km2.
Within the municipality Totora is the most-populous place, with 13.1% of the total population and, as of 2012, is the only town in its municipality with a population over 1,000.[21] As of 2001, the racial makeup of the town was 88.6% Quechua, 2.2% Aymara, 1.4% Guaraní, 0.3% Chiquitano, and 7.3% from other races.[23] As to languages, a majority of the population (65.4%) speak either Spanish or Quechua[24] or both language. As of 2005, 98% of the population are of the Catholic religion and 2% are Evangelical.[25]
Cityscape
editTotora is noted for having colonial-style building and architecture.[8][14] Because of the town's topography, the streets have an atypical distribution. The most common style of house includes adobe walls, land floors, and cement roofing.[26] From 1999 to 2005, 44.2% of the households use firewood to power their house, 55.1% use gas power, and 0.6% use other means.[27] In 2011, solar panels were introduced in the town to power its schools, with the help of the European Union.[28]
The protected Carrasco National Park is northeast of Totora. Created in 1991, the park has an area of 6,226 km2 (2,404 sq mi) and it ranges in altitude from 300 and 4,700 m (980 and 15,420 ft).[29] It is estimated that there are 3,000 plant species, estimated 700 species of birds, and 382 confirmed type of wildlife located in the park.[30] The main tourist attractions are The House of Culture, which used to be a mansion but is now a museum; the colonial bridges; the plaza; Phaqcha (Pajcha), a 30 m (98 ft) waterfall; Julpe, a place that holds cave paintings.[31]
Culture
editThis section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2013) |
Economy
editIn 2013, a deal was made with the Local Committee for the Productive Development of Wheat and Potato Township Totora to have around 300 families in Totora produce wheat for five cereal companies in Cochabamba.[32]
Education
editThere are three schools located in Totora: José Carrasco Torrico High school, named after ex-Vice President José Carrasco Torrico, Martin Mostajo Middle school and La Paz Middle School. The college has 320 students.[33] The middle school was constructed in 2013 and cost Bs. 2,000,000 ($289436). It holds 11 classrooms and supports up to 250 students.[34] As of 2001, the literacy rate in Totora is 82.4%, lower than the country average of 86.7%.[35][36]
Transportation
editThe main two ways to reach Totora by road are from Route 7, if coming from Cochabamba,[37] and Route 5, if coming from Sucre.[38] The Bolivian Department of Education is in the process of making a road from Tarata to Totora, since both are historic towns.[39]
Notes
edit- ^ Viehoff, Ivan. "Touring Notes: Bolivia". Transamazonica. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
- ^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
- ^ Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
- ^ "Primeros Pobladores de Totora".
- ^ "Breve Resena Historica" [Brief Historical Survey] (in Spanish). Totora.org. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Periódico Boliviano - Cambio". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ a b Giiereca, Luis (7 July 2013). "Totora Intenta Mantener Su Arquitectura Colonial" [Totora Tries To Maintain Its Colonial Architecture]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ National Immigration Bureau 1904, p. 627
- ^ "Totora: City Charter". Totora.org. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ Condori, Cristina. "Earthquake in the Region Aiquile and Totora". International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ "Toll Put At 105 In Bolivian Quake". The Toledo Blade. 28 May 1998. p. 2.
- ^ "Rescue Efforts Continue after Bolivian Quake: At Least 60 Dead, 100 Missing in Remote Region". CNN. 22 May 1998.
- ^ a b "Totora | Cochabamba - Bolivia". cochabambabolivia.net. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20.
- ^ "Base de datos Sistema Meteorológico–SISMET" (in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "índices climáticos para 149 estaciones meteorológicas en Bolivia" (in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ a b Gotha 1868, p. 181
- ^ Hubbard & Edmundson 1911, p. 172
- ^ a b "Estadisticas Sociales: Poblacion 1992" [Social Statistics Population 1992] (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Bolivia. 2 November 2011. Select COCHABAMBA in the Departamento box, CARRASCO in the Provincia box, TOTORA (PRIMERA) in the Seccion Muninipal box, TOTORA in the Canton box, TOTORA in the Ciudad o localidad box, and click Ver infomacion to see verify data.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda – 2001" [Census of Population and Housing – 2001]. National Statistics Institute of Bolivia. 2001. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ a b c "Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2012" [Census of Population and Housing 2012] (in Spanish). National Statistics Institute of Bolivia. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
- ^ AMDECO 2011, p. 67
- ^ AMDECO 2011, p. 72
- ^ AMDECO 2011, p. 73
- ^ AMDECO 2011, p. 74
- ^ AMDECO 2011, pp. 83–84
- ^ AMDECO 2011, pp. 113–114
- ^ "Escuelas del área rural usan energía eólica y solar" [Schools in rural areas using solar and wind energy]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 23 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ SERNAP nd, pp. 1–2
- ^ SERNAP nd, pp. 3
- ^ "TOTORA. Turismo en Bolivia. Directorio de Turismo Bolivia - www.boliviaentusmanos.com". www.boliviaentusmanos.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Central Newsroom (8 May 2013). "El trigo de Totora nutre a 5 industrias alimenticias" [Totora wheat nourishes 5 food industries]. La Prensa (in Spanish). La Paz. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Colegio José Carrasco aclamó a Decano de la Prensa Nacional" [College Dean hailed José Carrasco National Press]. El Diario (in Spanish). 14 May 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ "Evo entrega tres obras en la Llajta" [Evo delivers three works in Llajta]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 8 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
- ^ AMDECO 2011, pp. 71–72
- ^ "Bolivia - Literacy rate".
- ^ "Cochabamba, Bolivia to Totora, Bolivia". Google Maps. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ "Sucre, Bolivia to Totora, Bolivia". Google Maps. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ Carrillo, Karen (21 September 2013). "Potencian el turismo, la historia y tradición del valle" [Enhance tourism, history and tradition of the Valley]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ Pocona is located approximately 21 kilometres (13.0 mi) north-west of Totora.
References
edit- AMDECO (2011). Plan de Desarollo Municipal: Totora 2007–2011 [Municipal Development Plan: Totora 2007–2011] (Report) (in Spanish). AMDECO.
- Gotha, Hermann (1868). Geographisches Jahrbuch. Vol. 2. Justus Perthes. OCLC 1780902.
- Hubbard, Wilfranc; Edmundson, George (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–177, see page 172.
In the department of Cochabamba, Tarata (4681) and Totora (3501) are two important trading centres...
- Oficina Nacional de Inmigración, Estadística y Propaganda Geográfica (1904). "Boletín de la Oficina Nacional de Inmigración" [Bulletin of the National Immigration Bureau] (in Spanish) (37–48). La Paz: National Immigration Bureau.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - SERNAP (nd). "Parque Nacion Carrasco" [Carrasco National Park] (PDF) (Press release) (in Spanish). SERNAP.
Further reading
edit- Villarroel, Andrés (1928). Totora: Notas Sobre Su Pasado [Totora: Notes On Its Past]. Editorial López.