Economy of the Northern Mariana Islands
The economy of the Northern Mariana Islands benefits substantially from financial assistance from the United States and tourism. The rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitled the islands to $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special programs. Since 1992, funding has been extended one year at a time. The Commonwealth received funding of $11 million for infrastructure, for FY96/97 through FY02/03, with an equal local match.
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Tourism
editThe chief source of income is the volatile tourist industry, which employs well over half of the workforce.[1] Chinese and Korean tourists predominate. The agricultural sector is of minor importance and is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons.
The Marianas are noted for their beautiful beaches, one of the popular ones is Micro Beach on Saipan. Resorts allow tourists to engage in activities such as jungle walks, windsurfing, fishing, golfing, etc. One tourist site of interest is the prehistoric stone structures (see House of Taga). Touring the islands is a unique way to discover their history. Some popular festivals on the island are San Vicente Fiesta and San Antonio Festival.[2]
The peak year for tourists was 1997, in which about 760,000 people visited. In 2018, also a popular year, 607,000 people visited the CNMI.[3]
Tourism was strong in 2019, comprising visitors mainly from China and South Korea. Tourism dropped during the pandemic, and has been slow to recover since it ended. Direct flights from Japan have decreased, and the political issues between the US and China have stopped all flights from China (except from Hong Kong) to Saipan. CNMI hopes to attract tourists again from Japan, requiring direct flights to increase between Saipan and Japanese cities.[4] The market in 2023 and 2024 for tourism is about half the 2019, pre-pandemic level, relying on tourists from South Korea. “The number of tourists recovered to over 194,600 in fiscal 2023 from some 5,370 in fiscal 2021 and about 69,530 in fiscal 2022 thanks to the return of South Koreans, according to the MVA data.” Some travel experts suggest that CNMI change its image from the low cost destination to a slightly fancier destination.[4]
There are five golf courses on Saipan, including one designed by the golfer Greg Norman.[5]
U.S. Citizens can visit CNMI without a passport.[6]
Textile industry
editGarment production was an industry back then with the employment of 12,000 mostly Chinese workers and shipments of $1 billion to the United States in 1998 under duty and quota exemptions. This production is extremely controversial because goods produced in the North Marianas can be labeled "Made in the U.S.A.", although not all American labor laws apply to the commonwealth leading to what critics charge as "sweatshop conditions" for imported, mostly Asian, workers.[7] Among other companies, the teen clothing store Abercrombie & Fitch has produced some of their clothing in the Northern Marianas and sold them for high prices.[8]
The garment industry is changing, though, and many of the garment factories are closing due to the lifting of WTO trade restrictions on Chinese imports. The industry was initially established in the Commonwealth because some U.S. labor and immigration laws do not apply within the CNMI—for example, the CNMI's minimum wage rate of $6.05 per hour (for most employment positions) is lower than the federal rate, which applies to most other areas of the United States. Additionally, the CNMI retains local control over customs and immigration enforcement, unlike in Guam.[citation needed]
In the late 1990s a number of large American textile companies such as Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, and Sears were criticized for having manufactured clothes in sweatshop conditions in Saipan. In March 2000, a number of defendants, settled a class action suit brought by Saipanese garment workers, which had alleged mistreatment. As part of the settlement, which involved no admission of wrongdoing, Tommy Hilfiger and other companies agreed to independent oversight of their manufacturing in Saipan, a term refused by other defendants such as Lane Bryant and J.C. Penney.[9]
In 2004 — and in response to a long and expensive class action lawsuit brought by garment workers against various clothing manufacturers — a Garment Oversight Board,[10] aimed at protecting workers' rights, was created.[citation needed] These actions have reportedly resulted in improved conditions since the turn of the 21st century.[citation needed]
At its peak there were 34 garment factories, but they began closing in the early 2000s, especially after 2005 when the World Trade Organization removed quotas.[11] Between 2008 and 2019 the last 11 eleven factories all shut down, usually they employed many overseas workers. For example, one factory had 283 workers, of which 228 were foreign.[11]
Statistics
editGDP
editGDP:
purchasing power parity – $524 million (1996 est.)
note:
GDP numbers reflect US spending
GDP – real growth rate: NA%
GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300 (1996 est.)
GDP – composition by sector:
agriculture:
NA%
industry:
NA%
services:
NA%
Income
editPopulation below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
NA%
highest 10%:
NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1994 est.)
Labor
editLabor force: 6,006 total indigenous labor force; 2,699 unemployed; 28,717 foreign workers (1995)
Labor force – by occupation: managerial 20.5%, technical, sales 16.4%, services 19.3%, farming 3.1%, precision production 13.8%, operators, fabricators 26.9%
Unemployment rate: 14% (residents)
Budget:
revenues:
$221 million
expenditures:
$213 million, including capital expenditures of $17.7 million (1996)
Industry
editIndustries: tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity
editElectricity – production: NA kWh
Electricity – production by source:
fossil fuel:
100%
hydro:
0%
nuclear:
0%
other:
0%
Electricity – consumption: NA kWh
Electricity – exports: NA kWh
Electricity – imports: NA kWh
Agriculture
editAgriculture – products: coconuts, fruits, vegetables, cattle
Exports/Imports
editExports: $1 billion (1998)
Exports – commodities: garments
Exports – partners: US
Imports: $NA
Imports – commodities: food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products
Imports – partners: US, Japan
Debt – external: $NA
Economic aid – recipient: $21.1 million (1995)
Currency
editCurrency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October – 30 September
References
edit- ^ "Celebrating 30 years of tourism: The beginning". Saipan Tribune. May 9, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
- ^ "Explore Northern Mariana Islands destinations". Visit the USA. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
- ^ "Northern Mariana Islands Travel Guide". July 16, 2019.
- ^ a b "FOCUS: Northern Marianas seeks to revive tourism amid stopped China flights". Kyodo News. October 6, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
At the peak of the tourism industry in fiscal 1997, over 450,000 out of more than 760,000 visitors were from Japan owing to many direct flights then from Tokyo, Osaka and other Japanese cities.
- ^ Team, Travel (July 16, 2019). "Northern Mariana Islands Travel Guide". Outlook Travel Magazine. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
- ^ "Do you need a passport to travel to or from U.S. territories or Freely Associated States?". USA Government. May 28, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
- ^ "Phil Kaplan, Made in the U.S.A.? The Story of the Northern Mariana Islands, Where Human Rights Abuses of Foreign Workers Flourish Under the US Flag".
- ^ Tomaino, Pat. "Abercrombie & Fitch Co.; Rule 14a-8 no-action letter" (PDF). F&C Management Ltd. p. 13.
- ^ "Eight more U.S. retailers settle sweatshop suit". Reuters (archived 2005). March 28, 2000. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "Garment Oversight Board". Archived from the original on 2005-11-05. Retrieved 2005-09-08.
- ^ a b "3 remaining garment firms to close down". Saipan Tribune. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2023-10-13.