In chemistry, transition metal silyl complexes describe coordination complexes in which a transition metal is bonded to an anionic silyl ligand, forming a metal-silicon sigma bond. This class of complexes are numerous and some are technologically significant as intermediates in hydrosilylation.[1] These complexes are a subset of organosilicon compounds.
Synthesis
editFrom silyl halides
editThe first examples were prepared by treatment of sodium cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl with trimethylsilyl chloride:[2]
- (C5H5)Fe(CO)2Na + Me3SiCl → (C5H5)Fe(CO)2SiMe3 + NaCl
A related reaction is the oxidative addition of silyl halides.
From hydrosilanes
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Hydrosilanes oxidatively add to low-valent metal complexes to give silyl metal hydrides. Such species are assumed to be intermediates in hydrosilylation catalysis. The oxidative addition is preceded by the association of the intact hydrosilane with the unsaturated metal center, affording a sigma-silane complex, as discussed below.
Sigma bond metathesis can occur when hydrosilanes are treated with early metals alkyls. Using the Petasis reagent, a cyclic dititanium complex is produced with elimination of methane (Me = CH3, Ph = C6H5):
- 2 (C5H5)2TiMe2 + 2 Ph2SiH2 → [(C5H5)2TiSiPh2]2 + 4 MeH
Oxidative addition of Si-Si bonds
editLow valent metals insert into the Si-Si bond of disilanes. The main limitation of this reaction is the paucity of disilanes as reagents.
Silyl complexes with Si-Si bonds
editBeyond simple ligands like SiR3-, silyl ligands with Si-Si bonds are known. (C5H5)Fe(CO)2-SiMe2SiPh3 is one example (Me = CH3, Ph = C6H5).[3] Another example is the metalacycle derived from titanocene dichloride, (C5H5)2Ti(SiPh2)5.[4]
Silane complexes
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Transition metal silane complexes are coordination compounds containing hydrosilane ligands. An early example is (MeC5H4)Mn(CO)2(η2-HSiPh3) (Ph = C6H5).[6]
The bonding in silane sigma complexes is similar to that invoked in agostic interactions. The metal center engages the Si-H entity via a 3-center, 2-electron bond. It is widely assumed that these sigma complexes are intermediates in the oxidative addition of hydrosilanes to give metal silyl hydrides. This transformation is invoked in hydrosilylation catalysis.
Evidence for sigma-silane complexes is provided by proton NMR spectroscopy. For (MeC5H4)Mn(CO)2(η2-HSiPh3), J(29Si,1H) = 65 Hz compared to 180 Hz in free diphenylsilane. In silyl hydride complexes, the coupling in about 6 Hz. Neutron diffraction studies reveal a Si-H distance of 1.802(5) Å in the corresponding η2-HSiFPh2 complex vs 1.48 Å in free HSiFPh2. Elongated Si-H bonds are characteristic of these sigma complexes.[7]
References
edit- ^ Schubert, U. (1991). "Transition-metal silyl complexes". Transition Metal Chemistry. 16: 136–144. doi:10.1007/BF01127889. S2CID 98200527.
- ^ Piper, T. S.; Lemal, D.; Wilkinson, G. (1956). "A silyliron compound; the iron-silicon sigma bond". Naturwissenschaften. 43: 129. doi:10.1007/bf00621565. S2CID 5828269.
- ^ Párkányi, László; Pannell, Keith H.; Hernandez, Carlos (1983). "Organometalloidal Derivatives of the Transition Metals". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 252 (2): 127–132. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(83)80075-8.
- ^ Igonin, V.A.; Ovchinnikov, Yu.E.; Dement'Ev, V.V.; Shklover, V.E.; Timofeeva, T.V.; Frunze, T.M.; Struchkov, Yu.T. (1989). "Crystal Structures of Cycloheteropentasilanes (η5-Cp)2Ti(SiPh2)5 and O(SiPh2)5". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 371 (2): 187–196. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(89)88025-8.
- ^ Schubert, U.; Scholz, G.; Müller, J.; Ackermann, K.; Wörle, B.; Stansfield, R.F.D. (1986). "Hydrido-silyl-Komplexe". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 306 (3): 303–326. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)98993-9.
- ^ Corey, Joyce Y. (2011). "Reactions of Hydrosilanes with Transition Metal Complexes and Characterization of the Products". Chemical Reviews. 111: 863–1071. doi:10.1021/cr900359c. PMID 21250634.
- ^ Nikonov, G. I. (2005). "Recent Advances in Nonclassical Interligand SiH Interactions". Adv. Organomet. Chem. 53: 217–309. doi:10.1016/s0065-3055(05)53006-5.