Wikipedia

Transjakarta

Transjakarta (stylised as transjakarta, often erroneously called Busway,[5] sometimes shortened as TJ and branded as TiJe) or Jakarta BRT is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Jakarta, Indonesia. The first BRT system in Southeast Asia, it commenced operations on 15 January 2004 to provide a fast public transport system to help reduce rush hour traffic. The system is considered as the first revolutionary public transit mode in the capital city of Indonesia.[6] The buses run in dedicated lanes (busways), and ticket prices are subsidised by the regional government. Transjakarta has the world's longest BRT system (251.2 km in length),[7][2] which operates about 4,300 buses. Transjakarta aims to have 50 percent of its fleet be electric buses by 2027. By 2030, the aim is for the entire Transjakarta ecosystem to use electric buses.[8] As of November 2023, it serves an average of 1.134 million passengers daily.[3]

Transjakarta
Transjakarta Scania AB K310IB with Laksana CItylineL2
Transjakarta Scania AB K310IB with Laksana CItylineL2
Overview
OwnerProvincial Government of DKI Jakarta
Area servedGreater Jakarta
LocaleJakarta, Indonesia
Transit typeBus rapid transit
Number of lines14[1] (5 planned)
Number of stations244[2]
Daily ridership1.134 million (2023)[3]
Annual ridership280.00 million (2023)[4]
Chief executiveWelfizon Yuza
HeadquartersJalan Mayjen Soetoyo, Jakarta, 13650, Indonesia
Websitetransjakarta.co.id
Operation
Began operation15 January 2004; 20 years ago (15 January 2004)[1]
Operator(s)see below
Technical
System length264.6 kilometres (164.4 mi)[2]
System map
Map
Map
A Transjakarta articulated bus at Bundaran HI Astra Station

Transjakarta system is operated by municipally-owned company PT Transportasi Jakarta. However, most of its fleet is operated by various companies aside of the company itself.

History

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Transjakarta bus on the dedicated bus lane separated from heavy traffic
 
Corridor 13 features dedicated overpass.

Transjakarta was conceived to provide a fast, comfortable, and affordable mass transportation system. The proposal for a BRT system in Jakarta was emerged in 2001. Governor of Jakarta at the time, Sutiyoso proposed four mass public transportation modes in Jakarta:[9]

  • Mass-rapid transit (MRT) — with its first line construction on phase 1 began in late 2013 and opened in March 2019.
  • Monorail — the construction began in 2004 but shortly thereafter, it was halted. The construction was expected to be resumed in 2013, but eventually the project was permanently cancelled two years later.
  • Bus rapid transit (BRT)
  • Water transport (waterway).

The MRT have larger passenger capacity and short travel time than the other proposals, but it required large foreign investments. At the time, Indonesia lost its investor confidence due to concerns regarding to unstable domestic situations in the early 2000s, so the MRT construction was unable to be realized yet. Among those four, the bus rapid transit was considered the most likely to be realized in short time because it doesn't require foreign investments.[9]

The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) was an important party accompanying the BRT planning process. The initial concept was created by PT Pamintori Cipta, a transportation consultant who has frequently worked with the Jakarta Office of Transportation (Dinas Perhubungan Provinsi DKI Jakarta). Apart from the private sector, there were several other parties that also supporting this project, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and University of Indonesia's Center for Transportation Studies (UI–CTS).

The buses were given lanes restricted to other traffic and separated by concrete blocks on the streets that became part of the busway routes. The first Transjakarta line opened to the public on 15 January 2004.[10][11] It was free for the first two weeks, after which commercial operations started on 1 February 2004.

At present, Transjakarta has 13 primary routes and ten cross-corridor routes.[1] In addition, there are about 200 "feeder" routes that serve beyond the exclusive busway corridors to serve satellite cities in Greater Jakarta.[6] The number of Transjakarta buses has also increased dramatically, from 605 buses in 2015 to 4,300 in 2020.[12] The fare has remained Rp 3,500 (27 US cents) per passenger since operations began.[13] The service set a record in 2018 when it carried 730,000 passengers per day, a significant jump from 331,000 per day in 2015.[14] About 189.8 million passengers used Transjakarta in 2018 and targeted to serve one million passengers daily.[15] In November 2020, Transjakarta won the 2021 Sustainable Transport Award.[16]

As of September 2019, Transjakarta is currently testing electric buses,[17][18] with Bundaran Senayan – Monas as its first route.[19] Transjakarta has undertaken an ambitious plan to expand its electric bus (e-bus) fleet to 10,000 units over the decade and to have all of its buses electric-powered by 2030.

Operations

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Characteristics

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The characteristics of Transjakarta listed in an Asian Development Bank study are:[20]

  • Closed Trunk System without a Feeder System
  • Elevated Platform for Rapid Boarding and Alighting
  • Public Sector Bus Procurement and Private Sector Bus Operation
  • Operating at 450,000 passengers/day (2016)

Routes

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Main article: List of Transjakarta corridors

15 corridors were initially planned, 14 of which are currently operational. Corridors 1 to 12 and Corridor 14 operates at a ground level, mostly separated from mixed traffic by roadblocks. Corridor 13 is the first and only corridor to feature a dedicated elevated track exclusively available for Transjakarta buses.[21] The track is also shared with Corridor 13's branches, consisting of 13B and L13E, alongside Route 6V.

Other than the 14 main BRT corridors, Transjakarta operates 17 direct cross-corridor BRT routes, 57 feeder (Non-BRT) routes split into two categories: partially integrated (stops at a mix of BRT shelters and pedestrian bus stops) and fully disintegrated (stops at just pedestrian bus stops with no BRT integration), alongside 11 suburban routes to satellite cities, 14 routes serving low-cost apartments, 96 micro bus routes branded as Mikrotrans, 4 Bus Wisata (city travel) routes, and 11 Royaltrans routes. Non-BRT and suburban routes fully disintegrated from BRT system usually run Metrotrans-branded buses, while those partially integrated into BRT carries Minitrans branding for smaller buses or generic Transjakarta branding for standard BRT buses.

Corridor # Origin-Destination Opened BRT Standard (2014)[22]
  Blok M – Kota 15 January 2004 Silver
  Pulo Gadung – Monumen Nasional 15 January 2006 Bronze
  Kalideres – Monumen Nasional 15 January 2006 Bronze
  Pulo Gadung – Galunggung 27 January 2007 Bronze
  Ancol – Kampung Melayu 27 January 2007 Bronze
  Ragunan – Galunggung 27 January 2007 Bronze
  Kampung Rambutan – Kampung Melayu 27 January 2007 Basic BRT
  Lebak Bulus – Pasar Baru 21 February 2009 Basic BRT
  Pinang Ranti – Pluit 31 December 2010 Basic BRT
  Tanjung Priok – PGC 31 December 2010 Basic BRT
  Pulo Gebang – Kampung Melayu 28 December 2011 Basic BRT
  Pluit – Tanjung Priok 14 February 2013 Basic BRT
  Ciledug – Tegal Mampang 14 August 2017 TBD
  JIS – Senen Raya 11 November 2023 TBD
  JIS – Pulo Gebang [citation needed] (planned) TBD
16 Kampung Melayu – Harmoni [citation needed] (planned) TBD
17 Ancol – Tanjung Priok [citation needed] (planned) TBD
18 Puri Kembangan – Pluit [citation needed] (planned) TBD
19 Manggarai – UI [citation needed] (planned) TBD

Timeline of routes

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  • 15 January 2004: Corridor 1, (Blok M to Kota) (soft launch)
  • 1 February 2004: Corridor 1, (Blok M to Kota) (commercial service)
  • 15 January 2006: Corridor 2, (Pulo Gadung to Harmoni) and Corridor 3, (Kalideres to Pasar Baru) became operational.
  • 27 January 2007: Corridor 4, (Pulo Gadung to Dukuh Atas 2 [now Galunggung]), Corridor 5, (Kampung Melayu to Ancol), Corridor 6, (Dukuh Atas 2 [now Galunggung] to Ragunan) and Corridor 7, (Kampung Rambutan to Kampung Melayu) became operational.
  • 21 February 2009: Corridor 8, (Lebak Bulus to Harmoni) became operational.
  • 31 December 2010: Corridor 9, (Pluit to Pinang Ranti) and Corridor 10, (PGC 1 [now Cililitan] to Tanjung Priok) became operational.
  • 18 March 2011: Corridor 9 was the only corridor serving until 11.00 pm. Followed by Corridor 1, with transit point with Corridor 9 at Semanggi shelter. The night service, however, stops only at certain shelters.[23][24]
  • 20 May 2011: Corridor 2 and Corridor 3 initialised to serve until 11.00 pm, but only open nine shelters out of 22 on Corridor 2 and 9 out of 13 shelters on Corridor 3 remain open during the extended hours.[25]
  • 1 July 2011: Corridors 4 to 7 began their late-night service, leaving only Corridor 8 without a late-night service.[26]
  • 28 September 2011: Three feeder bus routes launched with Route 1 from West Jakarta Municipal Office to Daan Mogot, Route 2 from Tanah Abang to Medan Merdeka Selatan and Route 3 from SCBD to Senayan. The fare will be Rp.6,500 ($0.72), which cover tickets both for the feeder service and for Transjakarta buses. However, the feeder routes were eventually shut down because of the low number of riders.[27]
  • 13 December 2011: Transjakarta implemented a policy of segregating male and female passengers, following the example set by the commuter rail network. The designated women-only areas have been established between the middle door and driver cabins.
  • 28 December 2011: Corridor 11 (Kampung Melayu to Pulo Gebang) became operational.
  • 14 February 2013: Corridor 12 (Pluit to Tanjung Priok) became operational.[28][29]
  • 19 May 2014: The extension of Corridor 2 (Pulo Gadung to Harapan Indah) became operational.
  • 1 June 2014: Transjakarta introduced two new services called AMARI (Angkutan Malam Hari) and ANDINI (Angkutan Dini Hari), in conjunction serving from 10.00 pm to 5.00 am the next day, making Transjakarta effectively operational 24 hours a day. The late-night service served only Corridor 1, Corridor 3, and Corridor 9.
  • Mei 2015: The AMARI service got expanded to serve additional four corridors, consisting of Corridor 2, Corridor 5, Corridor 7, and Corridor 10.
  • 16 August 2017: Corridor 13 (Ciledug to Tendean [now Tegal Mampang]) became operational.
  • March 2020: Due to Covid-19 pandemic, the late-night AMARI service was cut short to serve just until 12.00 am.
  • 12 September 2022: Approaching the end of Covid-19 pandemic, the late-night AMARI service was reextended to serve until 05:00 am and began serving all the main BRT corridors (excluding cross-corridor BRT routes and all Non-BRT services). The late-night AMARI service has an "M" prefix before the corridor number, so the late-night Corridor 1 service is coded M1 and so on. As of April 2024, most of the AMARI corridors serve the same route and stations as each's respective daytime main corridor. Exception applies to M12, which only serves from Penjaringan to Sunter Kelapa Gading, and M13 which terminates at Puri Beta 2 (Ciledug station closes at night).
  • 3 March 2023: Due to the replacement of a number of Corridor 1 stations by temporary shelters which affects Harmoni as a transit point, Corridor 3 was modified and interlined with Corridor 1 from Kebon Sirih to Bundaran HI stations (serving Kalideres to Bundaran HI), thus no longer serving Pecenongan, Juanda, and Pasar Baru stations. Corridor 8 was extended to serve the three stations (serving Lebak Bulus to Pasar Baru) and divided into two variants: the main "via Tomang" route, which is a mix of original Corridor 8 route and now-defunct cross-corridor Route 8A; and the alternative "via Cideng" route which mimics the original Corridor 8 by interlining with Corridor 3 from Petojo to Damai.
  • 29 May 2023: The adjusted Corridor 3 was cut short again, now terminating at Monumen Nasional station and no longer serving Kebon Sirih, MH Thamrin, and Bundaran HI stations.
  • 11 November 2023: Corridor 14 (Jakarta International Stadium to Senen) became operational as a BRT corridor. It was previously operated temporarily as a Non-BRT feeder route from 1 March 2022 until 10 November 2023.[30][31] As a main BRT corridor, it became a 24-hour route with late-night AMARI service.

Fleet

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Current fleet

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Each bus is constructed with passenger safety in mind. For example, the body frame is constructed using Galvanyl (Zn–Fe Alloy), a strong and rust-resistant metal. There are also eight or ten glass-shattering hammers mounted on some of the window frames, and three emergency doors for fast evacuation during an emergency. There are also two fire extinguishers at the front and back of the buses.

A typical Transjakarta bus is painted with blue and white livery with the Transjakarta logo. Transjakarta buses was previously mandated to use compressed natural gas (CNG) and prohibited from using diesel fuel, but regulations have since been revised to permit diesel-powered buses once again due to efficiency issues and a shortage of CNG refueling stations.[32] To facilitate passenger ingress and egress, buses are outfitted with two doors on either side, while a partition segregates the driver from passengers to enable the former to focus more intently on operating the vehicle.

The capacity of each bus varies from 85, 100 to 120 passengers. Single Mercedes-Benz and Hino buses can carry about 85 passengers. Scania, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo Maxi buses can carry 100 passengers, and 120 can be carried by a standard articulated bus. Transjakarta operates some Chinese-made Zhongtong and Swedish-made Scania articulated buses on long corridors and those passing mostly straight roads in mix with non-articulated buses.[33] Articulated buses may also be used for some high-demand cross-corridor BRT routes.

 
Two Metrotrans buses

Passengers can only board Transjakarta's BRT buses from designated shelters due to the higher passenger doors (about a meter and half from the ground) equipped with automated swing and slide mechanisms, which are controlled by the driver; however, the slide mechanism has been replaced by swing doors on all new buses, and full-height acrylic glass barriers are installed near the sliding doors, while low street-level doors are used for fully-disintegrated Non-BRT routes (that only stops at pedestrian bus stops) with a driver's door on the front-left side of the bus for big buses and a pair of hydraulic folding doors for medium buses.

 
A Royaltrans bus

Transjakarta buses have electronic boards and speakers that announce the name of shelters in Indonesian and English, bi-directional radio transceivers for communication between drivers and control centers, at least four mandatory CCTV cameras per bus, and automatic air freshener dispensers to keep the air fresh during rush hours. The announcer system, officially mentioned as On-Board-Unit (OBU), is synced to the bus position on GPS and is automatically triggered by checkpoints along the bus route.

Transjakarta offers Royaltrans as a premium service, which provides passengers with premium seating, extra comfort, free Wi-Fi, USB charging ports, an onboard entertainment TV, and no standing allowed (the bus does not take new passengers when all the seats are occupied). Payment is made through electronic tapping equipment on board the buses, and the service is not integrated into the main BRT system. Royaltrans is not subsidised by Jakarta Municipal Government as it primarily serves connecting satellite cities. Transjakarta also operates Metrotrans, which uses low entry buses, serves Non-BRT routes without integration to the BRT service, and stops at pedestrian bus stops. Some Non-BRT routes, especially the ones partially integrated into the BRT system, are also served by standard BRT buses and a smaller version called Minitrans, although passengers can only board or alight at pedestrian bus stops through the front door near the driver, with elevated BRT doors for passengers at BRT shelters.

 
Transjakarta BYD B12 electric bus serving corridor 1E

Transjakarta operates two free-of-charge services called Mikrotrans, consisting of microbuses operated by various microbus cooperations, and Bus Wisata (intercity travel bus) consisting of double-decker buses circling around significant roads in Jakarta. Both services are not integrated into the BRT system. Although free of charge, Mikrotrans still requires its passengers to tap in when boarding and tap out when alighting, but Bus Wisata does not.

In order to promote gender equality, Transjakarta is aiming to recruit more female drivers, targeting 30% of the total. As of 21 April 2016, Transjakarta introduced female-only buses for Corridor 1, which are operated by female drivers and onboard officers and painted pink to differentiate them from regular buses. Some routes also offer disabled-friendly buses, with plans to acquire an additional 300 such buses by 2017 to serve 15-20 routes.[34][35]

Operator Brand Model Fuel Coachbuilder Fleet Numbers Image
Name Code
PT. Transportasi Jakarta (self-managed) TJ   Scania AB K340IA CNG Euro VI Compressed natural gas Gemilang Coachworks TJ 187  
K320IA CNG Euro VI Laksana TJ 188-TJ 238  
K250UB 4x2 Euro III (as Metrotrans) Diesel TJ 632-TJ 781  
  Mercedes-Benz OH1526 NG M/T Rahayu Santosa, Laksana, Tentrem and Trisakti TJ 247-TJ 346  
OC 500 RF 2542 Nusantara Gemilang TJ 355-TJ 380  
OH1626 A/T Laksana, Tentrem and Restu Ibu Pusaka TJ 388-TJ 408

TJ 469-TJ 482

 
OH1626 M/T TJ 872-TJ 482
O500U 1726 (as Metrotrans) Nusantara Gemilang TJ 782-TJ 871  
Laksana TJ 483-TJ 531  
OF 917 RF (as RoyalTrans) Tentrem and New Armada TJ 532-TJ 631  
  Hino Motors RK1 JSNL-RHJ CNG Euro IV Compressed natural gas New Armada TJ 409-TJ 468  
Perum DAMRI DMR RK8 JSKA-NHJ R260 Diesel Rahayu Santosa DMR 154-DMR 353  
Laksana DMR 354-DMR 703  
Restu Ibu Pusaka DMR 104-DMR 153  
  Zhongtong LCK6180GC Doosan CNG Euro V Compressed natural gas Completely built-up from China DMR 704-DMR 763  
  Skywell NJL6126BEV (as Metrotrans EV) Electric DMR 230099-DMR 230124  
PT. Mayasari Bakti MB/MYS   Scania AB K320IA CNG Euro VI Compressed natural gas Laksana MB 1601-MB 1656  
K310IB 6x2 Diesel MYS 17001-17110

MYS 18111-MYS 18150

 
  Mercedes-Benz OH1626 A/T MYS 18151-MYS 18202

MYS 19203-MYS 19223

 
MYS 21224-MYS 21333  
  BYD B12 (as Metrotrans EV) Electric Completely built-up from China MYS 22334-MYS 22363

MYS 23364-MYS 23385

 
PT. Pahala Kencana PKT   Mercedes-Benz OH1626 M/T Diesel Laksana PKT 101-PKT 115  
PT. Bianglala Metropolitan BMP OH1626 A/T Tri Sakti BMP 242- BMP 251

BMP 220252-BMP 220300

 
  Hino Motors RK8 JSKA-NHJ R260 (as night bus (AMARI), in cooperation with DAMRI) Tri Sakti BMP 172-BMP 221  
New Armada BMP 222-BMP 241  
  Skywell XML6125JEVJ0C3 (as Metrotrans EV) Electric Completely built-up from China 230301-BMP 230322  
PT. Steady Safe Tbk. SAF   Volvo B11R Diesel Laksana SAF 001-SAF 118  
PT. Bayu Holong Persada BHL   Hino Motors RN8JSKA-SJJ R285 BHL 220508-BHL 220515  
Koantas Bima (Koperasi Angkutan Lintas Bis Madya) KBM FB 130 (as Minitrans) Trisakti KBM 220001-KBM 220022  
Jewa Dian Mitra JDM GB150 L A/T (as Minitrans) Laksana JDM 230001-JDM 230079  
Metro Baru Transport MBT MBT 240601-MBT 240675
Trans Swadaya TSW   Mitsubishi FE 84G BC (as Minitrans) New Armada TSW 001-TSW 100  

Reference:[36]

Future fleet

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Transjakarta Scania K250IB for display at GIICOMVEC 2020 expo featuring Cityline 3 made by Laksana
 
The MABI electric bus during a trial serving corridor 6B
  • PT. Mayasari Bakti
    Scania K250IB 4x2 Euro III
  • Kopami Jaya (Koperasi Pengemudi Angkutan Mikrobus DKI Jakarta)
    Isuzu NQR71 as Mini Trans
  • PT. Metro Mini
    Isuzu NQR71 as Mini Trans
  • Kopaja (Koperasi Angkutan Jakarta)
    Mitsubishi FE 84G BC as Mini Trans
  • Electric Vehicle (EV)
    MAB MD12E NF Electric bus, BYD K9 Electric bus, BYD C6, Zhongtong LCK6126EVGRA1, Higer Azure KLQ6125GEV, and INKA E-Inobus

[36]

Note :Transjakarta stated that it will not buy any electric buses.[37] Instead, electric buses will be operated by operators under the Rupiah-per-kilometer scheme. Currently all electric bus models listed is either under trial or is to commence trial in the near future.

Retired fleet

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First generation of Transjakarta buses, Hino RG J08C-TI
 
Blue and white CNG-fueled Daewoo buses of Corridor 2
 
Locally made Komodo articulated bus
 
Locally made Inobus articulated bus

The Mercedes-Benz OH and Hino RG air-conditioned buses operated in Corridor 1 are painted red and yellow, with a picture of a young brahminy kite, which looks similar to a bald eagle grasping a tree branch with three salaks on it. The buses use special fuel which is (a mix of diesel and biodiesel). For Corridors 2 (bus colours: blue and white) and 3 (bus colours: yellow and red), the buses are CNG-fueled Daewoo buses imported from South Korea. Corridors 4, 5 and 6 used Grey Daewoo and Hyundai CNG buses, with Komodo and Huanghai articulated buses dedicated for Corridor 5. Grey Hino CNG buses are used for Corridors 7 and 8. Corridors 9 and 10 used Red coloured Hyundai and Komodo articulated buses, whilst Corridor 11 uses red Inobus articulated buses. Corridor 12 used to use red coloured Ankai and Inobus buses as well. Due to various coach builders being involved and design tweaks applied over time, the exterior and interior appearance, quality, and comfort varies between buses operating in the same corridor. Seats in old buses face the aisle to optimise passengers' movement during rush hours. Older buses were equipped with folding or hydraulic sliding doors, while newer units were equipped with swing doors.

In August 2011, Transjakarta operator installed cameras on one bus for a trial period. The plan is to install four cameras on each bus gradually in efforts to improve services such as to inform passengers waiting for buses about how crowded approaching buses are, and to prevent sexual harassment.[38]

Note: Bold text indicates current operators

Operator Brand Model
PT. Jakarta Express Trans   Mercedes-Benz OH1521 Intercooler OM366LA
  Hino Motors RG J08C-TI
PT. Trans Batavia RK1 JSNL-RHJ CNG Euro IV
  Daewoo BH115E Doosan Infracore GE12TI
PT. Jakarta Mega Trans BH115E Doosan Infracore GE12TI
  Hyundai Aero-Hi Class C6AC
  Huanghai DD6181S01 Cummins ISL G 320
  AAI Komodo Doosan Infracore GE12TI
PT. Jakarta Trans Metropolitan   Daewoo BH115E Doosan Infracore GE12TI
  Hyundai Aero-Hi Class C6AC
  Hino Motors RK8 JSKA-NHJ R260
PT. Primajasa Perdanarayautama RK1 JSNL-RHJ CNG Euro IV
PT. Eka Sari Lorena
  AAI Komodo Doosan Infracore GE12TI
PT. Bianglala Metropolitan Komodo Doosan Infracore GE12TI
  INKA Inobus Cummins ATC 320 CNG Series Euro V
  Hyundai Aero Class C6AC
  Ankai HFF6180G02D Weichai CNG Euro IV
  Hino Motors RG J08C-TI
  Mercedes-Benz OH1521 Intercooler OM366LA
PT. Trans Mayapada Busway   Hyundai Aero Class C6AC
  AAI Komodo Doosan Infracore GE12TI
Perum DAMRI   INKA Inobus ATC 320 GNG Series Euro V
  Zhongtong LCK6180GC Doosan Euro V
PT. Transportasi Jakarta (self-managed) LCK6180GC Doosan CNG Euro V
  Yutong ZK6180HGC Weichai CNG Euro III
  Ankai HFF6180G02D Weichai CNG Euro IV
  Hino Motors RK8 JSKA-NHJ R260
Kopaja   Toyota Dyna 110FT
  Isuzu NQR 71
FRR 90

Reference:[36]

Shelters

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View of the Atrium (now Senen Raya) shelter from the stairs, taken in 2016
 
The iconic Bundaran HI ASTRA shelter that resembles a cruise ship
 
Shelter with new platform screen doors
 
Some routes do not have a separate lane.

Transjakarta shelters (officially mentioned as a BRT station or BRT shelter) are distinguished from typical bus stops as they are often located in the middle of the road and require passengers to access them via elevated bridges, although some shelters lack this and are only accessed by pelican road crossing. Some of the shelters are equipped with escalators or lifts, and are designed to be seamlessly integrated into nearby buildings or integrated train stations. For instance, the Tosari ICBC stop used to be directly connected to the UOB Plaza, but has since been replaced with a road crossing. Similarly, the Blok M stop provides stair access to the nearby Blok M Mall. Accessing the shelter requires passengers to tap an electronic payment card (known as tap in), which they have to do again to exit the arrival shelter (known as tap out).

Older Transjakarta shelters are primarily constructed using aluminium, steel, glass, and concrete materials. The walls are made of aluminium and glass covers, with tread plates constructing the floors. To ensure proper air ventilation, fins are installed on the aluminium parts of the shelters. The concrete makes up for the supporting pillars of the shelters, which are usually painted blue. However, newer shelters built since the revitalisation project in 2022 ditch the glass and aluminium and instead have concrete-constructed walls whose height is only half of a typical human with no walls covering the space all the way to the top, allowing for air to move and circulate freely. The floors are also made of concrete, and all the pillars and covers are coloured creamy white instead of blue. Exception of this design applies to some shelters which are part of a larger building (such as CSW shelter part of its TOD building and Pulo Gebang shelter part of the Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal building), as such their design resembles the building they are part of. Newer shelters may also feature platform screen doors to ensure passenger safety, although its opening and closing aren't synced to the bus doors but rather whether it detects the bus in front of it.

Some of the elevated bridge ramps connecting the shelters have gentle slopes to accommodate disabled passengers, although some require passengers to walk a relatively long way up the ramps before doubling back to reach the boarding shelters. The floors of the bridges are typically made of tread plates, although some newer ones use concrete. However, noise is a problem for tread plates due to the movement of passengers, and some tread plates may become slippery during the rainy season. Older shelters usually lack sanitary facilities, although newer ones include large and disable-friendly restrooms and praying rooms.

Other facilities in a Transjakarta shelter include fans, top-up vending machines (although some older and smaller shelters lack this), and wayfinding boards showing which bus stops at which gate. All stations are also equipped with passenger information system (PIS) displays for each platform direction showing estimated time of arrival and number of upcoming and arriving buses, although its accuracy is questionable as it does not account traffic jams. Some shelters have two stories, with the upper story serving another corridor going through flyover (such as Flyover Jatinegara, a transit point of Corridor 10 and 11) or as a commercial area of food chains and minimarkets (such as Bundaran HI ASTRA, MH Thamrin, Tosari, and Dukuh Atas).

Based on the routes they serve, there are three types of Transjakarta shelters. All shelters serve at least one BRT corridor, and may also serve some cross-corridor BRT routes and partially-integrated Non-BRT routes.

  • Standard BRT station. These stations serve one main BRT corridor. Most stations fall into this category.
  • Standard interchange BRT station. These stations serve two or more main BRT corridors in one station. Examples include Monumen Nasional, Pulo Gadung, Kampung Melayu, Cawang Sentral, and some others.
  • Pair-interchange BRT stations. In areas where two or more stations are located near each other, there is a skybridge placed inside paid area connecting each to another. The pair of multiple stations serve as an interchange, allowing passengers to transfer between the two corridors by crossing the bridge without exiting paid area. Examples include pairs of Grogol and Grogol Reformasi, Dukuh Atas and Galunggung, Bendungan Hilir and Semanggi, and some others.

Other than BRT shelters, Non-BRT routes also stop at regular pedestrian bus stops. All routes stopping at any pedestrian bus stops, be it partially-integrated Non-BRT, fully-disintegrated Non-BRT, Mikrotrans, and Bus Wisata buses only stop at designated bus stops along the pedestrians and do not take passengers anywhere they stand. Designated pedestrian bus stops vary greatly in form from a building with canopy or roof to just a "STOP" sign with bus icon. Exception applies to CSW 2 bus stop, part of CSW-ASEAN TOD, which is designed to resemble a BRT station except with street-level platform screen doors, allowing for easy transfer into BRT or another Non-BRT route. All buses serving these bus stops stop at all the bus stops on its line, regardless of whether there is a passenger or not waiting there.

Initially, shelters are open from 05:00 am to 10:00 pm although opening hours can be extended if there are passengers still waiting at closing time. Since midnight bus services are launched, a number of shelters start to operate 24 hours a day.[39] Currently all the shelters (except Corridor 13's Ciledug, which still closes at 10:00 pm) serves round-the-clock. Shelters often become extremely overcrowded because of long and sometimes unpredictable intervals between buses. According to a report from the Indonesian Consumers Protection Foundation in 2011, the most common complaint from passengers about the service offered by Transjakarta was the long wait times for buses at some of the main shelters.[40] This issue rearises during revitalisation project and closure of Harmoni in 2022, with customers complaining that Monumen Nasional as a transit point has not enough doors to serve many routes and shelters double-dutying as an alternative to revitalised ones are too small.

The large Harmoni Central Busway (HCB) shelter on Jalan Gadjah Mada, Central Jakarta, is built over the Ciliwung River. It is a transit point between Corridors 1, 2, 3, 5C, 5H, 7F, 8, 8A, 9B and 10H. This 500-person shelter has 18 bus bays. Although many trees had to be chopped down during its construction, an old banyan tree was an exception because it was considered rich in historical value. However, in October 2006 this tree was vandalised by people from the Pemuda Persatuan Islam religious group. Their motive was to show that the tree does not possess supernatural qualities. [citation needed]

On 15 April 2022, revitalization of 11 bus shelters began to improve passenger service, expanding public spaces for tourism, and accelerate integration with other public transportation services.[41] Tosari and Bundaran HI ASTRA shelters are revitalized into an iconic "twin cruise ships that anchored at the Selamat Datang Monument", with the upper floor being a commercial area and photobooth balcony. The revitalization project is expected to rebuild 45 stations across the city and is due to be finished by mid-2024. The revitalisation includes full reconstruction of the shelters with the new style, such as half-height cream-colored concrete-constructed walls, concrete-made floors, and the inclusion of sanitary facilities.[42]

Starting in March 2023, multiple stations along the Corridor 1's road are temporarily closed and replaced by temporary stations to provide the room for the Phase 2 of MRT Jakarta project, including the largest transit point of the network, Harmoni Central Busway station.[43] These temporary stations are small and some of them are made of two separate buildings for opposing directions that require passengers to tap and pay again to cross between, making them unsuitable to be a transit point and as such they only serve Corridor 1. This results in notable changes to routes previously stopping and terminating at Harmoni, with affected corridors and routes, notably Corridor 2, 3, and 8 being rerouted and Monumen Nasional being the new temporary transit point. Some cross-corridor routes deemed no longer needed, such as 8A and 12M, were also scrapped or became limitedly operational.

In December 2023, Transjakarta announced that the company was renaming many of its BRT shelters. The changes were revealed and took place in January 2024, affecting every main corridor and 121 shelters.[44] The reason cited by the company was due to neutralise shelter names from commercial and copyrighted names owned by third parties and to allow the commercialisation of shelter names through naming rights procedure, similar to that of MRT Jakarta and its stations. One such example is Bundaran HI shelter, which has ASTRA branding (referred to in service as Bundaran HI ASTRA) as part of naming right afforded to Astra International. Other reasons cited was to rename some shelters to match name of areas surrounding them or integrated railway stations, such as those in Kuningan and Cawang with their integrated LRT Jabodebek stations. In 2024, the second naming right was afforded to municipally-owned Bank DKI for Gelora Bung Karno shelter, being rebranded as "Senayan BANK DKI".

Ticketing and fares

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A typical ticket booth and gantry in the network
 
Transjakarta ticket barrier

The cost of a Transjakarta ticket since its opening has been a flat rate of Rp 2.000,- at concessional times (05.00 a.m. to 07.00 a.m.) and Rp 3.500,- (about 24 US cents) each trip at all other times.[13] The fare applies to all BRT and Non-BRT services, except Royaltrans, Mikrotrans, and city travel (Bus Wisata) services. Royaltrans costs Rp20.000,- each trip (or Rp35.000,- for some routes), while Mikrotrans and Bus Wisata are free to ride, although Mikrotrans still requires its passengers to tap in and out. One trip is considered a period from one tap-in to one tap-out.

Passengers who wish to change direction or transit to other corridors do not need to pay again, provided they do not exit the paid area and complete the whole journey in one trip. Based on the definition of "one trip", this rule applies with some terms:

  • Transfer must be done at the BRT station, either between two BRT routes, two partially-integrated Non-BRT routes, or a pair of both, to be considered in one trip. Transfers that are done in bus stops or require exiting BRT station will require tapping out and paying again. All transfers to, from, or between fully-disintegrated Non-BRT routes require paying again.
  • For terminus shelters, the departure and arrival platforms must be connected in one paid area, thus passengers do not need to tap out and pay again and can continue their journey in one trip. Some terminus shelters, such as Kalideres, require tapping again to cross from arrival to departure platforms for passengers wishing to transfer.
  • For stations that are made of a separate building with separate paid area for each direction (most of them in Corridor 9), transfers can only be done between the two routes stopping at the same building to be considered in one trip. This means changing direction or transferring to routes stopping at the opposite building requires exiting paid area and pay again to cross to the opposing building.
  • For stations that are paired with another station by a skybridge located inside paid area, transfers between the two paired stations must be done by crossing the skybridge so that passengers do not exit the paid area and can continue their journey in one trip.

Up to 2015, passengers could purchase a single-journey paper ticket at the ticket booth in the shelter. In 2013, Transjakarta introduced the use of prepaid cards or e-tickets from BRI BRizzi, BCA Flazz, BNI Tapcash, Mandiri E-Money, Bank DKI JakCard, and Bank Mega MegaCash. The prepaid cards can be purchased and topped-up at any ticket booth in the shelter throughout the system, or the ATM of the issuing bank. The e-ticket is priced at Rp 40,000, Rp 20,000 for the card itself and a balance of Rp 20,000.[45][46] The prepaid cards, except for Bank DKI JakCard and Bank Mega MegaCash, are also valid as a ticket in the Jabodetabek Commuter Train system as of June 2014, easing the integration plan between the BRT and the commuter train system.[47] In April and May 2014, the Transjakarta management started compulsory use of e-tickets at several terminus in the system, based on news that the BCA Flazz Card could also be used in Jabodetabek Commuter Train.[48] In mid-October 2014, 56% passengers have used e-tickets. Now, all Transjakarta corridors and shelters applied the compulsory use of the e-tickets, since 21 February 2015.[49] 17 August 2016 marks the start of tap-out system trial in Corridor 1 (Blok M – Kota),[50] while a similar trial was started on 9 September 2016 in Corridor 2. The system is meant to control the flow of people going in and out of the shelters, discourage illegal entrance to and exit from the shelters, and to encourage sales and usage of the "e-tickets". In October 2016, the system had been implemented in all corridors of Transjakarta.

Starting on 24 August 2015 students who have the Jakarta Smart Card (Kartu Jakarta Pintar, KJP) can use it as an e-ticket for a free bus ride.[51] The TJ Card, introduced in January 2018, provides free fares for their holders and is available for seniors above 60, residents of the Thousand Islands Regency, disabled persons, low-income households, teachers, mosquito controllers and mosque caretakers in addition to members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Police.[52]

In the early days of feeder (Non-BRT) routes, passengers could pay cash to the bus conductor or use a prepaid card issued by a specific bank. This varied depending on the route (ex: Route 6H mainly accepted BCA Flazz cards only, Route 3E mainly accepted BNI Tapcash cards only), and was criticised for being highly unreliable. The card-reading device was sometimes unavailable, or different from the usual bank device issued in one route. This method of payment was gradually phased out in favor of the Tap-On-Bus (TOB) system. TOB acts similarly to the E-ticket payment system on shelters. It accepts payment from all prepaid bank-issued cards that are eligible on bus shelters. The only difference is that payment is done on board the Non-BRT bus instead of shelters. In 2019, all buses assigned to Route 1H, 1N, 1R, 4F and 5F already has the TOB installed on it and make use of TOB for all payment.[53]

As of 2024, all Non-BRT routes already use the TOB system for all buses. Passengers boarding Non-BRT buses require to tap in when boarding and tap out when alighting, both of which on the bus. For Non-BRT routes that are partially integrated into the BRT system, if the passenger boards from or alights at a BRT shelter, tap in (if boarding from BRT) or tap out (if alighting at BRT) is done at the BRT shelter, while the other tap is done on the bus, unless both boarding and alighting are done each at a BRT shelter. Passengers can easily transfer between BRT and integrated Non-BRT routes at a BRT shelter without tapping again. The most common criticism is the variance of fare-deducting mechanism due to some TOB machines deducting fare at tap in while others and all BRT shelters deduct fare at tap out, sometimes causing double-deducting error, which although has been mostly mitigated and now is very rare, still sometimes occurs.

On 13 October 2021, KAI Commuter starts trialling its Multi Trip Card as a payment card for MRT Jakarta, Transjakarta and LRT Jakarta, as part of efforts integrating Jakarta's public transportation ticketing.[54] However, the Multi Trip Card only works at a BRT shelter and cannot be used with TOB machines on Non-BRT buses.

Bus tracking

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In 2017, Transjakarta started allowing its buses to be tracked in Trafi app. Passengers could see the location of the bus in real time in the app, thus minimizing wait time and allowing them to know when the bus was going to arrive.

On 2 October 2020, Transjakarta launched Tije, an app that allowed passengers to buy tickets using QR codes. It was launched to reduce COVID-19 transmission by reducing interaction between passengers and ticket offices. The QR-based tickets, however, could only be used in BRT shelters for BRT buses and could only be paid for with AstraPay, which Transjakarta had a contract with. The app also allowed the users to see bus arrival times through live tracking similar to that in Trafi, although the function only worked in BRT shelters and only tracked BRT buses.[55]

In July 2022, Trafi announced its decision to cease operation in Indonesia, thus the bus tracking feature went out of service.[56] As a response, Transjakarta began trialling bus tracking feature in Moovit in February 2023, allowing passengers to track its buses in the app. However, the agreement was short lived, as Transjakarta terminated its contract in January 2024, leaving Tije app as the sole platform for its bus tracking. Tije app was highly criticized as many of its functions, including bus tracking, not working reliably with most of the buses not appearing even when the app was used in the BRT shelter.

In May 2024, Transjakarta began trialling bus tracking in Google Maps. This time, all of the buses, be it BRT, Non-BRT, or Mikrotrans buses were made trackable.[57] The trial lasted for a month, before bus tracking feature went missing in June. On July 18th, Transjakarta launched a new app called TJ: Transjakarta, to replace the Tije app, which was going to be retired in August.[58] The new app provides the live bus tracking feature of all BRT and Non-BRT buses, including Royaltrans, Mikrotrans, and Bus Wisata services, alongside all other same features as the outgoing Tije app, but with new design. Bus tracking feature also returned to and is available in Google Maps.

Passengers

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Inside a Transjakarta bus fleet during rush hour.

During rush hours, people from upper or middle classes (one of the main targets of Transjakarta) usually prefer to use private cars or taxis to avoid the inconvenience of the overcrowded Transjakarta buses even though they have to bear with traffic jams instead. Many passengers are thus lower-middle-class people who are ex-users of other less comfortable and/or more expensive commercial buses. This situation is at odds with one of the objectives of Transjakarta, which was to reduce traffic jam during rush hours by persuading private car owners to use comfortable public transport. There is a special program for the student groups called Transjakarta goes to school. Participants in the program are assigned a dedicated bus. The aim is to train students to stand in line, be decent, and prefer public transport than personal vehicles. The municipal government has been trying to encourage the population to shift from their private vehicles to public transportation, especially Transjakarta. Thus, several regulations are put in place to restrict private cars on the street. By August 2018, the odd–even traffic policy increases Transjakarta passengers by 30,000.[59]

Issues and accidents

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Several design and operational problems have been identified. Despite having an exclusive bus lane, unauthorised vehicles illegally using the lanes in an attempt to more quickly navigate through the traffic jams are commonplace. Depot maintenance shops and special gas stations (most buses use compressed natural gas (CNG)) often have long lines of buses, restricting the availability of buses for service. The CNG powered buses also have suffered from higher fuel consumption than expected (one litre for 1.3 km compared to 2.1 km as specified) and high oil and moisture content requiring extra maintenance.[60] Other problems identified were: a lack of feeder bus services, a lack of adequate transfer information and transfer facilities and a lack of articulated buses.[61] A 2010 survey showed 75% of passengers transferred from medium or micro-buses to the Transjakarta buses, and it was estimated if direct service operations were implemented (i.e., multiple stopping points at some stations with bypass lanes and some services continuing beyond the trunk corridors) patronage would increase by 50%.[62] A feeder bus service called APTB was introduced in 2012. These feeder routes stops at pedestrian bus stops like regular intercity bus system. As of 2024, there are 57 feeder routes referred to officially as Non-BRT routes, some of which being partially integrated into the BRT system (stops at a limited number of BRT shelters) while others are fully disintegrated (stops at just pedestrian bus stops, some of which being located near the BRT shelters but still require to tap again to transfer).

In May 2013, it was reported that the system was losing passengers due to unpredictable service frequency, worsening travel times, and poor maintenance of the infrastructure and vehicles. The problem of excluding private vehicles from busways was still ongoing.[63] By November 2013, after a campaign to "sterilise" the lanes improved travel times, reports indicate patronage had increased by 20,000 per day up to between 330,000 and 355,000.[64]

From January to July 2010, there were 237 accidents involving Transjakarta buses, resulting in 57 injuries and eight deaths. Accidents occurred due to pedestrians crossing the busway and cars making U-turns. In 2011, in an effort to stop non-Transjakarta vehicles using the bus lanes, the Jakarta Police Chief suggested that Transjakarta buses should run against the direction of traffic flow.[65] Usually, non-Transjakarta vehicles used the busway lanes during rush hours.[66]

On 12 January 2012, a policeman from the Indonesian Police Headquarters, who was hired by Securicor, fired his gun near the ear of a Transjakarta officer after threatening to kill him. The policeman was angry after the Transjakarta officer stopped the Securicor car from entering the busway lane, which allows only Transjakarta buses, ambulances, and firefighters to enter. The police spokesman said that the policeman would be charged by criminal law or disciplinary sanction.[67][68][69]

Hijacking

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On 12 March 2012, four Transjakarta buses were hijacked by alleged university students at the Medan Merdeka Selatan street. The buses were driven to the front of the Universitas Kristen Indonesia (Christian University of Indonesia) campus. Three drivers were able to escape from their buses, but one driver was prevented from leaving and forced to drive the hijackers to their destination. Fire extinguishers, glass-breaking hammers and drivers' jackets were also stolen from the buses.[70]

2013 corruption case

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In 2014, a corruption investigation began over series of accidents related to poor conditions of new vehicles through fraudulent procurement of more than one trillion IDR. The probe indicted Head of Jakarta Transport Department Udar Pristono as suspect of the corruption case.[71] Pristono argued that he was only working under the supervision of then governor Joko Widodo on the procurement project,[72] and accusing him liable for the legal prosecution as he had the responsibility over financial budget abuses involved in his administration.[73][74]

Bombing

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Main article: 2017 Jakarta bombings

On 24 May 2017, a twin bomb attack struck the Kampung Melayu Transjakarta bus terminal. The first explosion happened at nine sharp, near the terminal's toilet, and the second explosion happened five minutes after at the bus stop. In total, five people were killed, including the two suspects.[75]

Sexual harassment

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Interior of the bus, with women-only area in the front.

A number of sexual harassment cases have been reported on board crammed Transjakarta buses and their overcrowded stations over the past few years, as the number of passengers has continued to rise.[76] Transjakarta responded by providing a women-only area at the front of its buses[77] and launching women-only buses.[78]

Burning incident

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Demonstrations opposing a bill draft in October 2020 turned violent and multiple BRT shelters became targets.[79] The stations of Bundaran HI and Sarinah were the first two shelters burned down,[80] out of a total of 20 shelters that were either entirely or partially burned, looted, damaged and vandalised by rioters. Transjakarta claimed a loss of up to 55 billion Rupiah.[81]

Rear-end collision

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There has been cases where fellow Transjakarta buses collided in the Transjakarta lane. In 2016, Kopaja AC buses (under pilot integration program with Transjakarta) collided with Corridor 1 bus at Monas station triggering a chain collision and 2 fatal injuries.[82] In October 2021, two buses serving Corridor 9 were involved in a similar accident, leaving 3 casualties.[83]

Transit Oriented Development

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One of the largest Transit Oriented Development is the Dukuh Atas TOD. It connects Transjakarta with other public transport services, such as the Commuter Line, the MRT, the Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link, and the Jabodebek LRT
 
The CSW-ASEAN TOD connects Corridor 1 and 13 with the Jakarta MRT. Located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta

Seventeen Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is being built to integrate of multiple transport systems to facilitate easy and convenient transit between various mode of public transportation. At Tebet, the TOD integrates Transjakarta and the Commuter Line.[84] Meanwhile, at Dukuh Atas TOD (Indonesian: Kawasan Integrasi Dukuh Atas or KIDA), the aim is to prioritise walking and the use of public transport as a commuting solution, rather than using private vehicles.[85] KIDA will integrate seven transport systems in total, which are the Jakarta MRT, Jabodebek LRT, Jakarta LRT, Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link, Commuter Line, Transjakarta, and other bus services.[86]

As of July 2019, there are about 1,170 Angkot micro-buses integrated with different routes of Transjakarta, which is expected to increase 1500 by the end of the year.[87]

Logos

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  •  
    2004–2012
  •  
    2012–2014

See also

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References

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