DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), also known as triethylenediamine or TEDA, is a bicyclic organic compound with the formula N2(C2H4)3. This colorless solid is a highly nucleophilic tertiary amine base, which is used as a catalyst and reagent in polymerization and organic synthesis.[3]
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| Names | |||
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| Preferred IUPAC name
1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane | |||
| Other names
Triethylenediamine, TEDA
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| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.455 | ||
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| C6H12N2 | |||
| Molar mass | 112.176 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | White crystalline powder | ||
| Melting point | 156 to 160 °C (313 to 320 °F; 429 to 433 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 174 °C (345 °F; 447 K) | ||
| Soluble, hygroscopic | |||
| Acidity (pKa) | 3.0, 8.8 (in water, for conjugated acid)[1] | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
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Harmful | ||
| GHS labelling: | |||
  
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| Danger | |||
| H228, H302, H315, H319, H335, H412 | |||
| P210, P261, P273, P305+P351+P338 | |||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Flash point | 62 °C (144 °F; 335 K) | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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Quinuclidine Tropane | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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It is similar in structure to quinuclidine, but the latter has one of the nitrogen atoms replaced by a carbon atom. Regarding their structures, both DABCO and quinuclidine are unusual in that the methylene hydrogen atoms are eclipsed within each of the three ethylene linkages. Furthermore, the diazacyclohexane rings, of which there are three, adopt the boat conformations, not the usual chair conformations.
Reactions
editThe pKa of [HDABCO]+ (the protonated derivative) is 8.8, which is almost the same as ordinary alkylamines. The nucleophilicity of the amine is high because the amine centers are unhindered. It is sufficiently basic to promote a variety of coupling reactions.
Catalyst
editDABCO is used as a nucleophilic catalyst for:
- formation of polyurethane from alcohol and isocyanate functionalized monomers and pre-polymers.[4]
- Baylis–Hillman reactions of aldehydes and unsaturated ketones and aldehydes.[5]
Lewis base
edit
The reagent Selectfluor is derived by alkylation of DABCO with dichloromethane following by treatment with fluorine. A colourless salt that tolerates air, Selectfluor has been commercialized for use for electrophilic fluorination.[6]
As an unhindered amine, it is a strong ligand and Lewis base. It forms a crystalline 2:1 adduct with hydrogen peroxide[7] and sulfur dioxide.[8]
Quencher of singlet oxygen
editDABCO and related amines are quenchers of singlet oxygen and effective antioxidants,[9] and can be used to improve the lifetime of dyes. This makes DABCO useful in dye lasers and in mounting samples for fluorescence microscopy (when used with glycerol and PBS).[10] DABCO can also be used to demethylate quaternary ammonium salts by heating in dimethylformamide (DMF).[11]
Production
editIt is produced by thermal reactions of compounds of the type H2NCH2CH2X (X = OH, NH2, or NHR) in the presence of zeolitic catalysts. An idealized conversion is shown for the conversion from ethanolamine:[12]
- 3 H2NCH2CH2OH → N(CH2CH2)3N + NH3 + 3 H2O
Uses
editIn chemical and biological defense, activated carbon is impregnated with DABCO for use in filters for masks, collective protection systems, and the like.[13]
References
edit- ^ D. H. Ripin; D. A. Evans (2002). "pKa's of Nitrogen Acids" (PDF).
- ^ "Safety data for 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (see MSDS)". Sigma-Aldrich.
- ^ Uppuluri V. Mallavadhani, Nicolas Fleury-Bregeot. "1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane". In Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd010m.pub2
- ^ "Polyurethane additives guide" (PDF). Air Products & Chemicals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06.
- ^ Baylis, A. B.; Hillman, M. E. D. German Patent 2155113, 1972.
- ^ Banks, R. Eric; Murtagh, Vincent; An, Ilhwan; Maleczka, Robert E. (2007). "1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Bis(tetrafluoroborate)". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc116.pub2. ISBN 978-0471936237.
- ^ P. Dembech, A. Ricci, G. Seconi, and M. Taddei "Bis(trimethylsilyl) Peroxide" Org. Synth. 1997, volume 74, pp. 84. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.074.0084
- ^ Ludovic Martial and Laurent Bischoff "Preparation of DABSO from Karl-Fischer Reagent" Org. Synth. 2013, volume 90, pp. 301. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.090.0301
- ^ Ouannes, C.; Wilson, T. (1968). "Quenching of singlet oxygen by tertiary aliphatic amines. Effect of DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 90 (23): 6527–6528. doi:10.1021/ja01025a059.
- ^ Valnes, K.; Brandtzaeg, P. (1985). "Retardation of immunofluorescence fading during microscopy". Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 33 (8): 755–761. doi:10.1177/33.8.3926864. PMID 3926864.
- ^ Ho, T. L. (1972). "Dealkylation of Quaternary Ammonium Salts with 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane". Synthesis. 1972 (12): 702. doi:10.1055/s-1972-21977.
- ^ Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke "Amines, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_001
- ^ Mahle, J.; et al. (2010). "Role of TEDA as an Activated Carbon Impregnant for the Removal of Cyanogen Chloride from Air Streams: Synergistic Effect with Cu(II)". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 114 (47): 20083–20090. doi:10.1021/jp106730j. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
Further reading
edit- Cecchi, L.; DeSarlo, F.; Machetti, F. (2006). "1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as an Efficient Reagent for the Synthesis of Isoxazole Derivatives from Primary Nitro Compounds and Dipolarophiles: The Role of the Base". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2006 (21): 4852–4860. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200600475..