Tubastraea, also known as sun coral or sun polyps, is a genus of coral in the phylum Cnidaria. It is a cup coral in the family Dendrophylliidae.
| Tubastraea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tubastraea coccinea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hexacorallia |
| Order: | Scleractinia |
| Family: | Dendrophylliidae |
| Genus: | Tubastraea |
| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
List
| |
Description
editSun corals belong to a group of corals known as large-polyp stony corals. This means[clarification needed] that while they produce a hard skeleton, they do not build reefs.[1] Different species have polyps in a variety of colors, including yellow, orange, and shades of black.
Feeding
editUnlike most shallow water corals, Sun corals are not photosynthetic. Tubastraea do not host zooxanthellae, the symbiotic algae that provides energy to the coral via photosynthesis.[2] Instead, they are heterotrophic, and extend long tentacles at night to catch passing zooplankton; their large polyp size allows them to take relatively large zooplankton.
Habitat
editTubastraea coccinea was first documented in 1943 on Caribbean reefs in Curaçao and Puerto Rico.[3] T. coccinea is an invasive species that was documented to have spread as far north as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in 2004.[3]
Tubastraea is often found in deep waters because they do not require sunlight for nourishment. They often colonize on artificial surfaces - such as ship wrecks - for this reason.[4]
Reproduction and growth
editLike most coral, sun coral reproduces asexually. They are hermaphrodites and produce planulae.[5] These larvae live for up to two weeks, but usually colonize within 1 meter (3.3 ft) of the parent organism.[6] They reproduce for approximately 1.5 years, growing about 3 cm2 per year.[7]
In addition, Tubastraea form runners that can extend 10.4 centimeters (4.1 in) per year, until they reach unoccupied areas, then forming polyps at the end of the runner.[8]
Reproduction occurs sexually during the summer, spring, and winter seasons. After fertilization, the female corals will carry the eggs as the offspring develop within her gastrovascular cavity and are released as larvae. After being released, the larvae disperse and eventually settle on rocky seafloors "cementing" their skeletal structure to a rock. Once cemented, the coral will grow and reside there for the rest of its life.
Captivity
editTubastraea are considered one of the easier non photosynthetic corals to keep in captivity. Their polyps will take relatively large foods such as fish flakes and frozen mysis shrimp; feeding all the polyps once every other day is sufficient for survival, though faster growth is obtained if they are fed daily. Their polyps typically open only at night, but they can be coaxed to come out during the day with food. The largest challenge of keeping these - and any other non photosynthetic - corals is maintaining water quality with all the food they require.[9]
Species
editSpecies:[10]
- Tubastraea aurea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
- Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1830
- Tubastraea diaphana (Dana, 1846)
- Tubastraea faulkneri Wells, 1982
- Tubastraea floreana Wells, 1982
- Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg, 1834)
- Tubastraea nomlandi Durham, 1942
- Tubastraea tagusensis Wells, 1982
References
edit- ^ Hawaii Coral Reef Network. 2005. Family Dendrophyllidae: Cup Corals.
- ^ Blomquist, C.H., Lima, P.H., Tarrant,A.M., Atkinson,M.J. and Atkinson, S. 2006. 17ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17ß-HSD) in scleractinian corals and zooxanthellae, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 143: 397-403
- ^ a b Shearer, TL (2009). "Population Analysis of an Introduced Coral Species, Tubastraea coccinea, in Florida". In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Fenner, D. and Banks, K. 2004. Orange Cup Coral Tubastraea coccinea invades Florida and the Flower Garden Banks, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico, Coral Reefs 23: 505-507.
- ^ Ayre, D.J. and Resing, J.M. 1986. Sexual and asexual production of planulae in reef corals, Marine Biology 90: 187-190.
- ^ Creed, J.C., Paula, A.F. De, 2007. Substratum preference during recruitment of two invasive alien corals onto shallow-subtidal tropical rocky shores. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 330: 101-111.
- ^ Vermeij, M.J.A. 2006. Early life-history dynamics of Caribbean coral species on artificial substratum: the importance of competition, growth and variation in life-history strategy, Coral Reefs 25: 59-71.
- ^ Vermeij, M.J.A. 2005. A novel growth strategy allows Tubastraea coccinea to escape small-scale adverse conditions and start over again, Coral Reefs 24: 442.
- ^ "Aquarium Corals: A Look at the Sun Corals". 14 December 2011.
- ^ "Tubastraea Lesson, 1830". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 18 October 2021.