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Mardijker is an extinct Portuguese-based creole of Jakarta. It was the native tongue of the Mardijker people. The language was introduced with the establishment of the Dutch settlement of Batavia (present-day Jakarta); the Dutch brought in slaves from the colonies they had recently acquired from the Portuguese (especially Malacca), and the slaves' Portuguese creole became the lingua franca of the new city. The name is Dutch for "freeman", as the slaves were freed soon after their settlement. The language was replaced by Betawi creole Malay in Batavia by the end of the 18th century, as the Mardijker intermarried and lost their distinct identity. However, around 1670 a group of 150 were moved to what is now the village and suburb of Tugu, where they retained their language, there known as Papiá, until the 1940s.
| Mardijker | |
|---|---|
| Batavian Creole Portuguese | |
| Papiá Tugu | |
 Mardijkers in 1704 and in the background, presumably the land granted to them outside Batavia, now Kampung Tugu. The building is possibly the original Tugu Church.[1] | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Jakarta |
| Ethnicity | Mardijker people |
Portuguese-based creole languages
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | Nonemala1533 Malacca–Batavia Creole |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAC-ahd |
| IETF | idb-u-sd-idjk |
The earliest known record of the language is documented in a wordlist published in Batavia in 1780, the Nieuwe Woordenschat.[2] The last competent speaker, Oma Mimi Abrahams, died in 2012, and the language survives only in the lyrics of old Keroncong Moresco (Keroncong Tugu) songs.[3]
References
edit- ^ Burnet, Ian (September 16, 2017). "The Forgotten Mardijkers of Batavia". Spice Islands Blog. Wordpress. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
- ^ see Nieuwe Woordenschatm uyt het Niederduitsch in her Maleedsch en Portugeesch, zeer gemakkelyk voor de errst op Batavia komen (1780)
- ^ "Punahnya Bahasa Kreol Portugis..." [Extinction of the Portuguese Creole Language...]. Kedeputian Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dan Kemanusiaan (in Indonesian). 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
Bibliography
edit- Nieuwe Woordenschatm uyt het Niederduitsch in her Maleedsch en Portugeesch, zeer gemakkelyk voor de errst op Batavia komen. Batavia: Lodewyk Dominicus. 1780.
- Maurer, Philippe (2011). The Former Portuguese Creole of Batavia and Tugu (Indonesia). London: Battlebridge Publications.
- Suratminto, Lilie (2011). "Creol Potuguese of the Tugu Village: Colonial Heritage in Jakarta Based on the Historical and Linguistic Review". Tawarikh. 3 (1). doi:10.2121/tawarikh.v3i1.393 (inactive 1 November 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - Suratminto, Lilie (2014). "Bahasa Tugu: Bahasa Kreol Yang Punah" [Bahasa Tugu: The Extinct Creole]. Jurnal Melayu (in Malay). 13: 85–100.
- Schuchardt, Hugo (1891), "Kreolische Studien IX. Uber das Malaioportugiesische von Batavia und Tugu", Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 122, Wien, pp. 1–256
External links
edit- John Holm, 1989, Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey
- Batavia Creole by Maurer Philippe at apics-online.info
- A small history of Tugu