Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation
The Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans. The Tule River Reservation is located in Tulare County, California.[1]: 137 The reservation was made up of Yokuts, about 200 Yowlumne, Wukchumnis,[2] and Western Mono and Tübatulabal.[3] Tribal enrollment today is approximately 1,857 with 1,033 living on the Reservation.[3]
Tule River Reservation | |
|---|---|
| Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation | |
 Location of the Tule River Reservation in California | |
| Established | 1873 |
| Seat of Government | East of Porterville, CA |
| Government | |
| • Body | Tule River Tribal Council |
| • Chairwoman | Charmaine McDarment |
| • Vice-Chairman | Neil Peyron |
| Area | |
• Total | 218.3 km2 (84.29 sq mi) |
| • Land | 218.3 km2 (84.29 sq mi) |
| • Water | 0 km2 (0 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Total | 1,049 |
| Website | https://tulerivertribe-nsn.gov/ |
History
editTule River Farm
editFor thousands of years, this area was inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. Historic tribes encountered by Europeans in the area included the Yokuts, Mono and Tübatulabal. The area was first colonized by the Spanish and Mexicans, followed by European Americans after the US victory in the Mexican–American War in 1848.
After the Owens Valley Indian War and Following the Tule River Indian War of 1856, the Tule River Farm, a farm attached to the Tejon Agency, was established in 1858 at the base of the foothills, near the present town of Porterville. The farm was established on 1,280 acres (5.2 km2) on the South Fork of Tule River.[4] In 1860, Thomas Madden, an Indian service employee, gained personal title to the Tule River Farm, by using state school warrants. The federal government rented the Tule River Farm and paid Madden $1,000 per year.[5]
Tule River Reservation
editIn 1864, the Tule River Farm became the Tule River Reservation, one of five Indian reservations authorized by Congress. [clarification needed] When the United States defeated Half the Owens Valley Paiutes in the Owens Valley Indian War of 1863, they were removed to the reservation, whose population nearly doubled. In 1864, the population consisted of 450 Tule River Indians and 350 Owens River Indians who were relocated there from Fort Tejon.[5]
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The Owens Valley Paiutes were frightening settlers around the growing town of Porterville. The settlers began to demand removal of the Indians on the Tule River Farm to a more distant location. Indian agents clamored to provide the Indians with a more permanent home. Some also argued the need to separate the Indians from unscrupulous individuals who entered the reservation to entice the Indians to buy cheap liquor.[6] As a result, the Tule River Indian Reservation was relocated; in 1873 it was established by Presidential Executive Order of Ulysses S. Grant as a homeland for Tule River, Kings River, Owens River, Monache Cajon and other scattered bands of Indians.[7]
Traditionally, 60 Yokuts tribes lived-in south-central California to the east of Porterville. By the end of the 19th century their population was reduced by 75% due to warfare and high fatalities from European diseases. The surviving Yokuts banded together on the Tule River Reservation, including the Yowlumne, Wukchumni bands of Yokut.[3] While the Tule River Indian Tribe includes Owens valley Paiutes and Tübatulabal members, the majority of the tribe are Yokuts. In 1917, some Kitanemuk people also lived in the reservation.[8]
Government
editThe tribe ratified their current tribal constitution in 1936 and last amended it in 1974.[9] Their Tribal Council is democratically elected and includes a Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer and five Council Members. The Tule River Tribal Council Consists of nine council members. Each member is voted for by the Tule River Tribal Members. The elected officials then decide who will perform functions of Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer.[10]
The main piece of governing legislation is the Tule River Indian Tribe Constitution and Bylaws approved January 15, 1936.[11]
Reservation
editThe Tule River Reservation was established in 1873 by a US Executive Order in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The reservation is the site of Painted Rock, an ancient petroglyph site. Located south of Fresno and north of Bakersfield,[12] it occupies 55,356 acres (224.02 km2). 566 tribal members live on the reservation.[3] Accessible only by one winding 15-mile paved road (24 km) up into the mountains, the nearest town is East Porterville and/or Springville.[13]
Due to the failure of wells in August 2022, families on the reservation had to use bottled water for drinking, cooking, and bathing.[14]
Programs
editThe tribe operates many programs to serve its members including a health clinic, a child care center, an adult and vocational education center, a college scholarship program, a housing authority, and a chemical dependency treatment center.[12]
Healthcare
editThe Tule River Indian Health Center is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization founded in 1973 and dedicated to meeting the healthcare and health education needs of the Native American communities in Tulare County.
Tule River Indian Health Center is governed by a Health Advisory Board composed of local tribal members from the Tule River Indian Reservation.[15]
Ecology
editThe Forest Service signed a co-stewardship agreement in 2022 with the tribe for incorporation of tribal practices into management of the Sequoia National Forest.[16]
Economy
editEagle Mountain Casino
editOn April 6, 2021, Tule River Tribe broke ground on the new property for Eagle Mountain Casino,[17][18] to be moved from the reservation to Porterville. It opened in fall 2023.[19]
Eagle Feather Trading Post
editEagle Feather Trading Post is one of the largest convenience stores in Tulare County, located on Hwy 190 just above Lake Success.[20]
Culture
editMany of the stories told by the elders of the Tule River Indian reservation have been handed down from generation to generation. Almost all of these stories reflect the ways and life of the Tule River Tribes. All of the stories carry a strong message to the youth and adults in the region. Significant historical facts on these stories come from Painted Rock, a remarkable set of pictographs along the South Fork Tule River, at 1,608 feet (490 m) on the Tule Indian Reservation.[21][22][23]
Education
editThe reservation is mostly served by the Porterville Unified School District with a small portion of it served by the Springville Union Elementary School District.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1
- ^ Vaughan-Lee, Emmanuel (August 19, 2014). "Opinion | 'Who Speaks Wukchumni?'". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d California Indians and Their Reservations. SDSU Library and Information Access. (retrieved 25 July 2009)
- ^ Frank, Gelya. "The Tule River Indian War of 1856" (PDF). Tule River Bands of the Tule River Reservation Website. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
- ^ a b Frank, Gelya. "Employee Gets Deed to Permanent Home" (PDF). Tule River Bands of the Tule River Reservation Website. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
- ^ Frank, Gelya. "Growing Population of Porterville" (PDF). Tule River Bands of the Tule River Reservation Website. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
- ^ Frank, Gelya. "Executive Orders" (PDF). Tule River Bands of the Tule River Reservation Website. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
- ^ "Kitanemuk". Four Directions Institute. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019.
- ^ Constitution and By-laws of the Tule River Indian Tribe of California. Archived 2008-11-27 at the Wayback Machine (retrieved 25 July 2009)
- ^ "Tule River Tribal Council". Tule River Trive. Tule River Tribe. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
- ^ Tule River Indian Tribe Constitution and Bylaws (pdf)
- ^ a b Tule River Tribe. Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine (retrieved 25 July 2009)
- ^ Pelisek, Christine (December 12, 2012). "Inside the Mass Slaying on California's Tule River Indian Reservation". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ^ "Tule River Tribe relying on bottle water as drought dries up wells on reservation". KERO. ABC News. August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ^ "Tule River Indian Health Center Inc. | Tule River Indian Tribe". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2011. (retrieved 21 July 2011)
- ^ Varela, Isaiah (February 14, 2024). "Indigenous cultural burn lit for first time in over 100 years in Sequoia National Forest". FOX40. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ "Eagle Mountain Casino breaking ground on the new casino after 25 years". April 6, 2021.
- ^ "Crews break ground on new Eagle Mountain Casino in Porterville". KGET. April 6, 2021.
- ^ Yeager, Joshua (April 7, 2021). "Eagle Mountain Casino breaks ground in Porterville after years of planning". Visalia Times Delta.
- ^ "Tule River Tribe Enterprises | Tule River Indian Tribe". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2011. (retrieved 21 July 2011)
- ^ "Painted Rock Campground". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ "Painted Rock" (PDF). Tule River Tribe. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ Strain, Kathy Moskowitz (2012). "Mayak Data: The Hairy Man Pictographs" (PDF). The Relict Hominoid Inquiry. 1: 1–12. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ Painted Rock
- ^ Coyote and the Moon
- ^ Coyote and the Sun
- ^ Big Foot, The Hairy Man
- ^ Soda Springs
Further reading
edit- Frank, Gelya; Goldberg, Carole E. (January 1, 2010). Defying the Odds: The Tule River Tribe's Struggle for Sovereignty in Three Centuries. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16286-8.