The American Football Association (AFA) was a professional American football minor league that operated from 1977 to 1983.
The AFA was concentrated in the southern United States and served as the second tier of professional football between the World Football League, which folded in 1975, and the United States Football League, which began play in 1983. Unlike the WFL or USFL, the AFA always fashioned itself as a minor league, and never planned to rival the National Football League for "major league" status.[1] Players were paid one percent of gross gate revenue, which often meant players were paid only menial sums for their service (often comparable to minimum wage for three hours of work), and the league struggled to acquire recognizable players.[2]
The league played its games on Saturday nights[1] in the summer (beginning its season Memorial Day weekend and ending in August) to avoid direct competition against other football in the fall, a move that foreshadowed the USFL's similar spring football schedule. The AFA ended operations in 1983, unable to take advantage of the strike that hit the NFL the year prior or weather the competition from the USFL.
Teams and cities represented
edit| State | City | Team(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Oklahoma | Tulsa | Oklahoma Thunder |
| Tulsa Mustangs [3] | ||
| Alabama | Birmingham | Alabama Vulcans |
| Alabama Magic [4] | ||
| Kentucky | Louisville | Kentucky Trackers |
| Florida | Jacksonville | Jacksonville Firebirds |
| Jacksonville Sunbirds | ||
| Orlando | Orlando Americans | |
| North Carolina | Charlotte | Carolina Chargers [a] |
| Texas | San Antonio | San Antonio Charros |
| Austin | Austin Texans | |
| Dallas | Dallas Wranglers | |
| Burleson | Fort Worth Wranglers | |
| Houston | Houston Hotshots | |
| Houston Armadillos | ||
| Arkansas | Little Rock | Arkansas Diamonds |
| Mississippi | Jackson | Mississippi Stars |
| Virginia | Norfolk | Virginia Hunters |
| Louisiana | Shreveport | Shreveport Steamer [b] |
| West Virginia | Charleston | West Virginia Rockets [c] |
| Illinois | Chicago [d] | Chicago Fire [e] |
Many nicknames came from previous leagues, with minor alterations to avoid trademark disputes: the Steamer, Vulcans and Fire all took their names from WFL teams, while the Rockets borrowed their moniker from a Continental Football League and United Football League team of the same name.
The operations were often fly-by-night, with most teams lasting only one season (or less) before folding, and players played for a paycheck equal to one percent of the net gate receipts after expenses (In August 1980, Shreveport Times sports reporter Ron Higgins estimated the average Steamer game check to be about $35 per man).
Despite its minor-league status, the league's teams often were able to secure leases for unusually large stadiums, often those used by the WFL and the USFL: the Orlando Americans, in their lone season, played in the 70,000-seat Citrus Bowl, while the Vulcans and Magic played at similarly-sized Legion Field, Houston played at 73,000 seat Rice Stadium, and the Fire played at Soldier Field.[9] The Mustangs played at 30,000-seat Skelly Stadium. The Jacksonville Firebirds played in the Gator Bowl.
History
editThe AFA was founded in May 1977 and began to play that summer. It was formed to take advantage of the places where the WFL was the most popular, while avoiding the overspending that led to that league's demise.[1]
Billy Kilmer, the former NFL quarterback (and coach of the AFA's Shreveport Steamer in 1979),[10] was named commissioner in 1981. Kilmer lasted one season as commissioner, working unpaid, during which he encountered numerous problems in the AFA, including a scandal in San Antonio which a player named Robert Lee Johnson misrepresented himself as former NFL offensive lineman Randy Johnson. The Carolina Chargers, one of the league's more successful and stable teams, dropped out of the league mid-season but re-emerged in 1982 under new ownership as the Carolina Storm.[11]
In 1982, with former San Antonio Wings executive Roger Gill at the helm, the league attempted to expand northward by absorbing other semi-pro teams in Buffalo, New York, Racine, Wisconsin and Canton, Ohio.[9]
The USFL's securing of a TV contract, especially after the AFA had failed to do so (the AFA was only able to get a few of its teams onto local cable stations, still a nascent technology at the time), led to the AFA eventually declining into semi-pro status and folding after its 1983 season.[2]
The AFA lasted six seasons, one of the longest runs of a minor professional football organization in the sport's history, and considered the strongest league in the era between the WFL and the USFL.[12] The development of arena football and its numerous imitators has effectively reduced most outdoor leagues to amateur or semi-pro status, with some exceptions, until the modern era of professional spring football began in 2019 with the Alliance of American Football and subsequently the component leagues that would form the United Football League of 2024.
The modern American Football Association, a sanctioning body for semi-pro and amateur football, is unrelated to the former AFA.
1977
editHarry Lander and Roger Gill, from the existing San Antonio Charros amateur club, decided to create a new minor league football league and attract local investors. Five other clubs from Houston, Fort Worth, Austin, Wichita Falls, and Oklahoma City joined the Charros to establish the AFA.[13]
The plan was to play two exhibition games, and then each team would play twelve regular-season games beginning on July 2. The players were promised 1% of each game's gate receipts.
After three games (including two preseason) where they failed to score any points, the Fort Worth Stars were forced out of the league, while the Houston franchise—which had failed to secure a home stadium, pay their league dues, or secure medical insurance for their players—folded mid-August.
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Antonio Charros | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 329 | 81 | Champions |
| Oklahoma City Warriors | 4 | 3 | 0 | .571 | 192 | 73 | |
| Austin Texans | 4 | 4 | 0 | .500 | 168 | 177 | |
| Wichita Falls Steelers | 2 | 5 | 0 | .285 | 74 | 162 | |
| Houston Seagulls | 0 | 5 | 0 | .000 | 38 | 183 | Folded mid-season |
| Fort Worth Stars | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | 0 | 77 | Forced out of the league |
The San Antonio Charros finished undefeated in the regular season and were declared league champions.
1978
editThe AFA entered an agreement for a loose affiliation with the California Football League for the 1978 season, that both leagues will play their normal league schedules, and at the end of the season the champions of each league will play in the "King Kong Bowl" to determine the "national champion".[12][14][15]
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shreveport Steamer | 9 | 1 | 0 | .900 | 375 | 161 |
| San Antonio Charros | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 235 | 185 |
| Houston Titans | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 226 | 206 |
| Oklahoma City Stampede | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 263 | 185 |
| Wichita Falls Roughnecks | 2 | 8 | 0 | .200 | 101 | 300 |
| Austin Texans | 1 | 9 | 0 | .100 | 158 | 273 |
Playoffs
edit| Semi-finals September 2 | American Bowl I September 16 | ||||||||
| 1 | Shreveport | 14 | |||||||
| 4 | Oklahoma City | 0 | |||||||
| 1 | Shreveport | 17* | |||||||
| 2 | San Antonio | 14 | |||||||
| 2 | San Antonio | 25 | |||||||
| 3 | Houston | 7 | |||||||
* Indicates overtime victory.
King Kong Bowl
(September 30 at State Fair Stadium)
San Jose Tigers 32 vs. Shreveport Steamer 6
1979
editThe league grow to nine teams and had plans to divide to Eastern and Western divisions, but after Tulsa Mustangs folded the remaining teams has gone from two divisions format to one, with the top four teams making the playoffs.[12][16]
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama Vulcans | 13 | 5 | 0 | .722 | 406 | 220 |
| San Antonio Charros | 10 | 4 | 0 | .714 | 405 | 301 |
| Carolina Chargers | 12 | 5 | 0 | .705 | 457 | 277 |
| Jacksonville Firebirds | 11 | 5 | 0 | .687 | 497 | 277 |
| Shreveport Steamer | 9 | 7 | 0 | .562 | 387 | 279 |
| Mississippi Stars | 5 | 11 | 0 | .312 | 220 | 386 |
| Kentucky Trackers | 4 | 12 | 0 | .250 | 342 | 544 |
| Tulsa Mustangs | 1 | 4 | 0 | .250 | 39 | 120 |
| Arkansas Champs | 2 | 14 | 0 | .125 | 138 | 503 |
Playoffs
edit| Semi-finals September 15 | American Bowl II September 29 | ||||||||
| 1 | Alabama | 21 | |||||||
| 4 | Jacksonville | 28 | |||||||
| 4 | Jacksonville | 27 | |||||||
| 3 | Carolina | 7 | |||||||
| 2 | San Antonio | 21 | |||||||
| 3 | Carolina | 28 | |||||||
1980
editThe AFA started the season with eight teams and split up to Eastern and Western divisions. The league revoked Kentucky Trackers license after several cases of misconduct with four remaining weeks in the regular season. The Trackers' remaining games was filled with semi-pro teams from the Atlantic Coast League and the Dixie League, but those games did not count in AFA standings.[12][17]
| Eastern Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carolina Chargers | 10 | 3 | 0 | .769 | 315 | 231 |
| West Virginia Rockets | 9 | 4 | 0 | .692 | 294 | 183 |
| Jacksonville Firebirds | 8 | 5 | 0 | .615 | 306 | 225 |
| Kentucky Trackers | 0 | 13 | 0 | .000 | 135 | 248 |
| Western Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
| Shreveport Steamer | 9 | 1 | 0 | .900 | 265 | 122 |
| San Antonio Charros | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 227 | 179 |
| Austin Texans | 4 | 6 | 0 | .400 | 189 | 245 |
| Fort Worth Wranglers | 0 | 10 | 0 | .000 | 85 | 307 |
Playoffs
edit| Semi-finals August 30 | American Bowl III September 7 | ||||||||
| 1 | Carolina | 36 | |||||||
| 4 | San Antonio | 20 | |||||||
| 1 | Carolina | 18 | |||||||
| 3 | West Virginia | 42 | |||||||
| 2 | Shreveport | 17 | |||||||
| 3 | West Virginia | 21 | |||||||
1981
editBilly Kilmer was introduced as the first full-time commissioner of the American Football Association. Also, for the first time, the league expended behind southern United States, when they add the Chicago Fire.The Chargers players voted to walk out on the team four games into the season, while both Shreveport Steamer and Austin Texans folded before season end, resulting in Kilmer resignation before the American Bowl. He was replaced by AFA president Roger Gill.[12]
During the season a member of the Orlando Americans admits he impersonated former NFL guard Randy Johnson to make the team. He was discovered when he couldn't crack the starting lineup.[18]
| Eastern Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Virginia Rockets | 11 | 1 | 0 | .916 | 307 | 144 |
| Jacksonville Firebirds | 8 | 4 | 0 | .666 | 228 | 206 |
| Virginia Hunters | 7 | 5 | 0 | .583 | 187 | 210 |
| Orlando Americans | 5 | 7 | 0 | .416 | 229 | 202 |
| Carolina Chargers | 2 | 10 | 0 | .166 | 102 | 117 |
| Western Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
| Chicago Fire | 8 | 4 | 0 | .666 | 311 | 223 |
| San Antonio Charros | 6 | 6 | 0 | .500 | 276 | 297 |
| Shreveport Steamer | 6 | 6 | 0 | .500 | 169 | 182 |
| Texas Wranglers | 5 | 7 | 0 | .416 | 149 | 237 |
| Austin Texans | 2 | 10 | 0 | .166 | 184 | 324 |
* Includes forfeit games.
Playoffs
edit| Semi-finals August 23 | American Bowl IV August 30 | ||||||||
| 1 | West Virginia | 42 | |||||||
| 4 | San Antonio | 12 | |||||||
| 1 | West Virginia | 29 | |||||||
| 2 | Chicago | 21 | |||||||
| 2 | Chicago | 24 | |||||||
| 3 | Jacksonville | 17 | |||||||
1982
editThe AFA expanded to 18 teams, and split up to three divisions, while two teams (Florida Sun and Roanoke Valley Express) folded mid-season.[12][19]
| Southeastern Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carolina Storm | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 339 | 89 |
| Georgia Pride | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 178 | 179 |
| Alabama Magic | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 209 | 138 |
| Tallahassee Statesmen | 5 | 5 | 0 | .500 | 120 | 178 |
| Jacksonville Sunbirds | 3 | 7 | 0 | .300 | 136 | 225 |
| Florida Sun* | 0 | 10 | 0 | .000 | 7 | 141 |
| Southwestern Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
| Shreveport Americans | 8 | 2 | 0 | .800 | 291 | 124 |
| Oklahoma Thunder | 8 | 2 | 0 | .800 | 308 | 125 |
| Texas Wranglers | 8 | 2 | 0 | .800 | 291 | 124 |
| San Antonio Bulls | 4 | 6 | 0 | .400 | 203 | 195 |
| Houston Armadillos | 2 | 8 | 0 | .200 | 54 | 308 |
| Austin Texans | 0 | 10 | 0 | .000 | 113 | 345 |
| Northern Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
| Racine Gladiators | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 309 | 88 |
| West Virginia Rockets | 7 | 3 | 0 | .700 | 363 | 121 |
| Akron Bulldogs | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 229 | 98 |
| Roanoke Valley Express* | 3 | 7 | 0 | .300 | 63 | 106 |
| Buffalo Geminis | 3 | 7 | 0 | .300 | 93 | 294 |
| Virginia Chargers | 1 | 9 | 0 | .100 | 27 | 410 |
* Includes forfeit games.
Playoffs
editFirst Round (August 7):
Racine 44 vs. Akron 6
Carolina 61 vs. West Virginia 18
Texas 17 vs. Oklahoma 14
Shreveport 42 vs. Georgia 35
| Semi-finals August 15 | American Bowl V August 21 | ||||||||
| Carolina | 35 | ||||||||
| Racine | 8 | ||||||||
| Carolina | 46 | ||||||||
| Shreveport | 22 | ||||||||
| Shreveport | 30 | ||||||||
| Texas | 27 | ||||||||
1983
editIt was the seventh and final year of the AFA. The United Football Teams of America league champion – Oklahoma City Drillers – joined the league but later announced that they would play the season as a travelling team before folding altogether after two weeks. The majority of the teams followed, and the league decided that division champions Carolina and San Antonio would meet in the final American Bowl.[12]
The Bulls knew before season's end that they would join the United States Football League as an expansion team for the 1984 season, where they played as the San Antonio Gunslingers (as the Jacksonville Bulls had already claimed rights to the "Bulls" name).[20]
| Eastern Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carolina Storm | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 289 | 44 |
| Canton Bulldogs | 4 | 1 | 0 | .800 | 87 | 77 |
| Charleston Rockets | 1 | 3 | 0 | .250 | 108 | 81 |
| Pittsburgh Colts | 1 | 5 | 0 | .166 | 80 | 236 |
| Western Division | ||||||
| Team | W | L | T | Pct. | PF | PA |
| San Antonio Bulls | 6 | 1 | 0 | .857 | 276 | 58 |
| Shreveport Americans | 5 | 2 | 0 | .714 | 237 | 113 |
| Baton Rouge Red Wings | 2 | 3 | 0 | .400 | 43 | 224 |
| Dallas Wranglers | 2 | 4 | 0 | .333 | 115 | 137 |
| Houston Mustangs | 0 | 4 | 0 | .000 | 45 | 159 |
| Oklahoma City Drillers | 0 | 2 | 0 | .000 | 7 | 96 |
Playoffs
edit| Semi-finals | American Bowl VI July 23 | ||||||||
| Carolina | |||||||||
| Canceled | |||||||||
| Carolina | 39 | ||||||||
| San Antonio | 0 | ||||||||
| San Antonio | |||||||||
| Canceled | |||||||||
Notes
edit- ^ Also known as the Carolina Storm. The Chargers/Storm were by far the most successful club in AFA history, playing in four of the league's six championship games (losing in 1979 and 1980, winning in 1982 and 1983; Charlotte was also undefeated in the latter two years).[5]
- ^ Later merged with Orlando as the "Shreveport Americans".
- ^ 1980 and 1981 champions.[6][7]
- ^ the AFA's largest market, and the only one in the northern US.
- ^ Not to be confused with the WFL team, or the current MLS franchise.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b c "The Tuscaloosa News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ a b "Ocala Star-Banner - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Football". Archived from the original on 2010-10-18. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ "Home". birminghamprosports.com.
- ^ "The Dispatch - Google News Archive Search".
- ^ "Williamson Daily News - Google News Archive Search".
- ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WFRJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8AkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1074,2572680&dq=american-football-association&hl=en [dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "The Milwaukee Sentinel - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
- ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bob Gill, with Tod Maher. Outsiders II: Minor League And Independent Football, 1951-1985, p. vii. St. Johann Press, 2010. ISBN 1878282654
- ^ "1977 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "1978-1981 Shreveport Steamer". 6 May 2018.
- ^ "1978 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "1979 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "1980 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "1981 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "1982 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "1983 AFA Timeline". birminghamprosports.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
External links
edit- Encyclopedia of Italian Football - includes all schedules of AFA teams, but includes a spurious 1977 season that may have been a predecessor league.