Vernicia fordii (usually known as the tung tree (Chinese: 桐, tóng) and also as the tung-oil or tungoil tree (油桐), the kalo nut tree, and the China wood-oil tree) is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae.[2][3] It is native to southern China, Myanmar, and northern Vietnam.[4] It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 20 m tall, with a spreading crown. The bark is smooth and thin, and bleeds latex if cut. The leaves are alternate, simple, 4.5–25 cm long and 3.5–22 cm broad, heart-shaped or with three shallow, maple-like lobes, green above and below, red conspicuous glands at the base of the leaf, and with a 5.5–26 cm long petiole. The flowers are 2.5–3.5 cm diameter, with five pale pink to purple petals with streaks of darker red or purple in the throat; it is monoecious with individual flowers either male or female, but produced together in the inflorescences. The flowers appear before or with the leaves in loose, terminal clusters. The fruit is a hard, woody pear-shaped berry 4–6 cm long and 3–5 cm diameter, containing four or five large, oily seeds; it is green initially, becoming dull brown when ripe in autumn.[4][5]
| Vernicia fordii | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | Vernicia |
| Species: | V. fordii
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| Binomial name | |
| Vernicia fordii | |
| Synonyms | |
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Aleurites fordii Hemsl. | |
Cultivation and uses
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The tung tree is valued for tung oil, which is derived from the seeds of the tree. Tung oil, also called China wood oil or nut oil, has traditionally been used in lamps in China. In modern times, it is used as an ingredient in paint, varnish, and caulk. It is also used as a wood finish for furniture and other wooden objects. After processing to remove gums in the oil, it was also used as a motor fuel.[6] Marco Polo wrote in the 13th century "The Chinese take some lime and chopped hemp, and these they knead together with a certain wood oil; and when the three are thoroughly amalgamated they hold like any glue, and with this mixture they paint their ships".
It has been introduced to Argentina, Malawi, Paraguay, Thailand, and the United States for oil production. Just before World War I, a number of seeds received from the United States Ambassador to China were planted in California, but the young trees could not take hold in the dry climate. David Fairchild of the Department of Agriculture successfully introduced the tree in 1905 in the U.S. Gulf States from Florida to Texas.[6][7][8] After flourishing from the 1920s to the 1940s the American tung oil industry was wiped out by frost and hurricanes. In 1969, many of the trees were wiped out by Hurricane Camille, and the plantations never recovered.[9] Increased competition from overseas has ended cultivation in the United States and the tree is now listed as an invasive species in Florida.[10]
Global production of the fruit rose from just over 100,000 tonnes in 1970 to almost 200,000 tonnes by 1980. Fruit yields are typically in the range of 4.5–5 tonnes per hectare. A number of cultivars have been selected for increased yield and small tree size, including 'Folsom', 'Cahl', 'Isabel', 'La Crosser', and 'Lampton'.[6]
The wood of the tree is lightweight and strong, and is sometimes used as a substitute for balsa or basswood.[11]
The tung tree is poisonous in all of its parts, including the fruit and the seeds, although some parts of the tree have been used for medicinal purposes in the past. According to the University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, just one seed from the fruit can be fatal, and other symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, and slowed breathing. The leaves can also give a rash similar to that from poison ivy.[12]
Chemistry
editThe plant contains the coumarinolignoid aleuritin and 5,6,7-trimethoxy coumarin.[13]
References
edit- ^ Ye, J.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Vernicia fordii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T147632137A147632139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147632137A147632139.en. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ "Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ "Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000. n.d. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ a b Stuppy, W.; van Welzen, P. C.; Klinratana, P.; Posa, M. C. T. "86. Vernicia". Flora of Thailand - Euphorbiaceae. Netherlands: National Herbarium.
- ^ "Vernicia fordii - Tung Oil Tree". Florida Nature.
- ^ a b c "Aleurites fordii Hemsl". Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue University. 1997.
- ^ Fairchild, David (1938). The World Was My Garden: Travels of a Plant Explorer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 216. ISBN 978-0686843108. LCCN 38027857.
- ^ Brown, K.; Keeler, W. (2005). "The History of Tung Oil" (PDF). Wildland Weeds. 9 (1): 4–6.
- ^ "Damage Assessment from Hurricane Camille". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
- ^ "Introduced, Invasive and Noxious Plants / Weeds of Florida". USDA.
- ^ Apogee Components Condor: Glider using tung wood
- ^ "Aleurites fordii". Florida Invasive Plant Education. University of Florida. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
- ^ Fozdar, B. I.; Khan, S. A.; Shamsuddin, T.; Shamsuddin, K. M.; Kintzinger, J. (1989). "Aleuritin, a Coumarinolignoid, and a Coumarin from Aleurites fordii". Phytochemistry. 28 (9): 2459–61. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98005-1.
External links
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- "Aleurites fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw". Medicinal Plant Images Database. School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University. (in Chinese) (in English)
- Ito, Y.; Yanase, S.; Tokuda, H.; Kishishita, M.; Ohigashi, H.; Hirota, M.; Koshimizu, K. (1983). "Epstein-Barr Virus Activation by Tung Oil, Extracts of Aleurites fordii and its Diterpene Ester 12-O-Hexadecanoyl-16-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate". Cancer Letters. 18 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1016/0304-3835(83)90121-0. PMID 6297709.