Syria–Tunisia relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Republic of Tunisia and the Syrian Arab Republic.[1] Tunisia has an embassy in Damascus. Syria has an embassy in Tunis.[2] Both countries are members of the Arab League[3] and of the Union for the Mediterranean, although Syria was suspended in 2011.[4][5] They are bound by cultural and historical ties and have enjoyed a very cordial relationship. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1956.[6]
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History of relations
editRevolutions and war (2010–2018)
editThe 11th session of the Tunisian-Syrian High Joint Committee met in Tunis in May 2010. The two countries share experience and information on such issues as housing, shipping, and tourism.[7] On 12 July 2010, Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali held a talks with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Carthage Palace, Tunis.[8]
The Tunisian Revolution that began on 17 December 2010, resulted in longtime President of Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali being overthrown when the Islamists represented by the Ennahda Movement took the reins of power in Carthage. This has resulted in general instability in the region and the rise of multiple terrorist groups who have led attacks against both countries.[9]
Rashid al-Ghannushi, president of Ennahda Movement, Tunisia's largest party stated on 2 November 2011 that SNC is the legitimate representative of Syria, at the same time he closed Syrian embassy in Tunis and ousted Syrian ambassador. On 16 December 2011, SNC hold three-day congress (its first international congress) in Tunis where Tunisia's newly elected president, Moncef Marzouki, participated in the talks and had a press conference with SNC's president Burhan Ghalioun.[10][11]
In February 2012, new Tunisian President Moncef Marzouki announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Syria due to “increased civilian deaths at the hands of government forces”, according to a statement issued by the Tunisian Presidency.[12]
In July 2015, after Beji Caid Essebsi assumed the presidency of Tunisia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs appointed a consul-general in Damascus.[13] Tunisia's Foreign Minister Taïeb Baccouche also described cutting diplomatic relation with Syria as a "wrong procedure".[14] The Government of Tunisia was keen on its interest in tracking the 3,000 Tunisians who travelled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS. This move enabled the Tunisian leadership opening information channel to share informations with Damascus.[15]
In 2016, the former Foreign Minister Khemaies Jhinaoui also indicated that “the level of diplomatic relations with Syria is not at the ambassadorial level, but rather at the consular level.[16]
Reaprochement (2018–present)
editIn late 2018, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco began lobbying for Syria's return to the League.[16] In 2019, France24 speculated that new president Kais Saied could renew his country's diplomatic relations with Syria.[17]
Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, President Saied decided to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria.[18] In April 2023, after the visit of foreign minister Faisal Mekdad in Tunis, Syria officially re-established diplomatic relations with Tunisia.[19] It came as influential Tunisian Islamist Ennahdha party leader Rached Ghannouchi was detained after a police search.[20] On 19 May 2023, President Bashar al-Assad met Tunisian President Kais Saied on the sidelines of the Arab League Summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.[21] The two presidents discussed bilateral relations between the two brotherly countries and bilateral cooperation in various fields.
In May 2023, the Tunisian embassy in Damascus was reopened with new ambassador, Abdul Hadi Muhammad Al-Mahdhabi.[22] On 2 October 2023, Muhammed Muhammed was sworn in as the new Syrian Ambassador in Tunis.[23] On 11 January 2024, Ambassador Muhammed Muhammed presented his credentials to Tunisian President Kais Saied as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Syrian Arab Republic to the Republic of Tunisia.[24]
Partner cities
editThe following is a list of twinning agreements between the cities of Tunisia and Syria:
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "عنوان اتفاقية فيينا للعلاقات الدبلوماسية عام 19". www.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ "Syria will reopen embassy in Tunisia after decade of ruptured ties". Al Arabiya English. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ World Report:2012, Human Rights Watch
- ^ Union of the Mediterranean: Who we are
- ^ "Memo". European Commission. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ The Middle East Journal - Volumes 10-11. Middle East Institute. 1956. p. 423.
- ^ "Tunisia-Syria boost bilateral co-operation" www.tunisiaonlinenews.com - May 14, 2010.
- ^ "Tunisia: A year on from the Jasmine Revolution". CNN. 16 December 2011.
- ^ El-Katiri, Mohammed. THE QUEST FOR MILITARY COOPERATION IN NORTH AFRICA: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2016. PG xi.
- ^ "Moncef Marzouki appelle à l'attachement au caractère pacifique de la révolution syrienne". Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
- ^ "Syrian National Council Holds First Congress in Tunis". Tunisia Live. 16 November 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
- ^ Damien McElroy "Britain under pressure to withdraw diplomatic recognition of Syria" Daily Telegraph 5 Feb 2012
- ^ "A thaw in Tunisian–Syrian relations".
- ^ "Cutting relations with Syria wasn't right procedure, Tunisian FM". Syrian Arab News Agency. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "Al-Jaafari: Some countries want to reopen communication channels with Syria".
- ^ a b "Qatar will not normalise relations with Syria: Foreign Minister - Qatar News". Al Jazeera. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ "Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win". France24. 23 October 2019.
- ^ "Tunisian president decides to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria". Reuters. 9 February 2023.
- ^ "Syria, Tunisia Reestablish Diplomatic Relations". VOA News. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ "Syria, Tunisia move to restore their diplomatic relations". Reuters. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "President al-Assad meets Tunisian President in Jeddah: We stand together against the obscurantist ideology". Syrian Arab News Agency. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "Mikdad receives credentials of Tunisian Ambassador to Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ "Before President al-Assad, Muhammed Muhammed takes his oath as Syrian Ambassador to Tunisia". SANA. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "السفير محمد يقدم للرئيس التونسي أوراق اعتماده سفيراً مفوضاً فوق العادة ومطلق الصلاحية" [Ambassador Mohamed presents the Tunisian President with his credentials as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary with absolute authority]. Al Watan online. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ [1] Archived 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine