Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi

Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi (born Olaf "Efi" Tamasese; 1 March 1938) is a Samoan political leader and paramount chief, as holder of the maximal lineage Tupua Tamasese title. He also holds the royal pāpā title of Tui Ātua ('sovereign' of Atua).

His Highness Le Afioga Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi
O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa
In office 20 June 2007 – 21 July 2017 Acting: 11 May 2007 – 20 June 2007
Prime Minister	Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi
Preceded by	Malietoa Tanumafili II
Succeeded by	Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
3rd Prime Minister of Western Samoa
In office 18 September 1982 – 31 December 1982
O le Ao O le Malo	Malietoa Tanumafili II
Preceded by	Va'ai Kolone
Succeeded by	Tofilau Eti Alesana
In office 24 March 1976 – 13 April 1982
O le Ao O le Malo	Malietoa Tanumafili II
Preceded by	Lealofi IV (acting)
Succeeded by	Va'ai Kolone
Other offices Member of the Council of Deputies In office 2004 – 20 June 2007 O le Ao o le Malo Malietoa Tanumafili II Deputy Prime Minister of Western Samoa In office 30 December 1985 – 8 April 1988 Prime Minister Va'ai Kolone Succeeded by Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi 1st Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 18 September 1982 – 31 December 1982 Preceded by Va'ai Kolone Succeeded by Lauofo Meti In office 24 March 1976 – 13 April 1982 Succeeded by Va'ai Kolone
Constituency Member of the Samoan Parliament In office 26 February 1988 – 2004 Preceded by Afioga Savea Sione Succeeded by Lufilufi Moefaauo Constituency Anoama'a East In office 7 February 1970 – 26 February 1988 Preceded by Taimalie Meapelo Succeeded by Alipia Siaosi Constituency Aana Alofi No. 2 In office May 1965 – 25 February 1967 Preceded by Masoe Tulele Succeeded by Va'ai Kolone Constituency Vaisigano No. 1
Personal details
Born	Olaf Efi Tamasese (1938-03-01) 1 March 1938 Motootua, Western Samoa (now Samoa)
Nationality	Samoan
Political party	Independent
Other political affiliations	National Development Party (1988–2003) Christian Democratic Party (1985–1988)
Spouse	Masiofo Filifilia Imo Tamasese
Parents	Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (father) Irene Gustava Noue Nelson (mother)
Alma mater	Victoria University of Wellington

Tui Ātua served as the third prime minister of Samoa from 1976 to 1982 and again later in 1982. He also served as O le Ao o le Malo (head of state of Samoa) from 2007 to 2017.

Early life and education

Tupua was born on 1 March 1938 at Motoʻotua in Samoa. He is the son of Samoa's first co-head of state (O le Ao o le Malo), Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (1905–1963), and Irene Gustava Noue Nelson, of Samoan, Swedish and British descent. He is also the nephew of Samoa's celebrated independence movement leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III and the cousin of the nation's second prime minister, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV.

Tupua attended primary school at the Marist Brothers School at Mulivai in the Samoan capital of Apia. He continued his education at St. Patrick's College in Silverstream, Wellington, New Zealand. He was also educated at Victoria University of Wellington, in New Zealand's capital city.

Prime Minister of Samoa

Tupua began his political career in May 1965, when he was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the Vaisigano No. 1 constituency. He served as Samoa's Minister of Works from 1970 until 1972.

Tupua served as prime minister for two consecutive terms from 1976 to 1982. He also served as deputy prime minister from 1985 to 1988. It was during his second term as prime minister that the Public Service Association went on a general strike in 1981, paralysing the country for several months and paving the way for the opposition Human Rights Protection Party's entry to government in 1982. The party would go on to hold power until 2021.

Tupua became Leader of the Opposition following his Christian Democratic Party's election defeat in 1982. He also headed the Samoan National Development Party. He continued to serve Anoamaʻa East as MP until 2004 when he was appointed to Samoa's Council of Deputies alongside Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II.

Tupua Tamasese title

Upon Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV's death in 1983, the question as to a successor was raised with Tupuola Efi staking his claim. However, this would require ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao agreeing to his appointment. Salani agreed, however Falefa and Lufilufi opposed it. Tupuola Efi proceeded without the unanimous support of ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao. On the morning of his installation ceremony at Vaimoso, the nation's public broadcaster, Radio 2AP, read an announcement from the Moeono at the time, Moeono Alaiʻasā Kolio, notifying the country that ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao as well as the leaders of Lufilufi – the traditional seat of the Tupua Tamasese title – had not sanctioned Tufuga Efi's ascension to the title, effectively nullifying the candidate's grasp for the title once again.

In 1986, Tupuola Efi sought out ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao's blessing. Falefa and Lufilufi eventually agreed to Tupuola Tufuga Efi's ascension to the titles. ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao joined with ʻĀiga o Mavaega and ʻĀiga Sā Tuala to jointly confer the Tupua Tamasese title on Tupuola Efi in an installation ceremony at Vaimoso in November 1986, jointly registering the title under their family names.

However, the right of joint conferral was later challenged in court. In 1987, the court ruled that the right of conferral of the Tupua Tamasese title belonged exclusively to ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao of Falefa and Salani, based on the customary criteria of descent, relevant knowledge and skill, residence and service.

O le Ao o le Malo

On 11 May 2007, following the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoa's head of state since independence in 1962, Tupua assumed the functions of temporary acting head of state with Tuimalealiʻifano, as members of the Council of Deputies. Tupua was elected head of state on 16 June 2007. His was the only nomination put forth in Samoa's Fono (parliament) and thus the decision was unanimous. His election was welcomed by many Samoans both in Samoa and abroad. He was sworn into office on 20 June 2007.

He was re-elected in July 2012 by a majority vote of the Legislative Assembly. However, he was not re-appointed as of 20 July 2017 after a controversial move by the Prime Minister which saw a legislative assembly vote of 23 to 15. This was after an initial vote that was taken, which saw the tamaʻāiga gain the majority of support from the ruling HRPP caucus. This was seen as but a mere formality and that Tui Ātua would again be elected to office to serve as Head of State. However, owing to decades of tension with the then-Prime Minister Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi, Tui Ātua was instead replaced in a backroom vote by another tamaʻāiga, Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II.

Academia

Tupua held a number of academic positions during and after his political career as an MP and prime minister.

Tupua served as an adjunct professor for Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi in New Zealand. He later became an Associate Member of the Matahauariki Institute at Waikato University. He was a PhD examiner at Australian National University in Canberra for Pacific and Samoan history.

Tupua was a resident scholar of the Pacific Studies Centre of the Australian National University and the Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies at University of Canterbury in New Zealand.

Tupua helped to begin excavations at Samoa's important Pulemelei Mound archaeological site. Samoans, under Tupua Tamasese, carried out a ceremony to honour Thor Heyerdahl for his contributions to Polynesia and the Pulemelei Mound excavations in 2003.

In late 2007 Tupua established an overseas boarding school scholarship to St. Patrick's College, Silverstream, which allows one student per year to live and be schooled in New Zealand for all their college years, beginning in 2008.

Tupua was awarded an honorary doctorate by St Andrew's University in 2019.

Publications

Tupua wrote three books, and articles in scholarly journals and publications.

Honours

In July 2008 while attending the coronation of George Tupou V of Tonga he was made a Knight grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Crown of Tonga.

He was awarded the Order of Merit of Samoa in the 2023 Samoa Honours and Awards.

Personal life

Tupua is married to Masiofo Filifilia Imo, who is also known as Masiofo Filifilia Tamasese.

Ancestry

Tupua Tamasese family tree
Muagututiʻa Fenunuivao Tupua Fuiavalili Toelupetu Tafaʻifa Galumalemana Galuegapapa Nofoasaefa Maeaeafe Tupua Leasiolagi Moegagogo Taʻeleumete Tupua Tamasese Titimaea (1830–1891) Leafinealiʻi Tupua Tamasese Lealofiaʻana I (d. 1915) Vaʻaiga ʻAsi Tupua Tamasese Lealofiaʻana II (d. 1918) Tupua Tamasese Lealofiaʻana III (1901–1929) Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (1905–1963) Tupua Tamasese Lealofiaʻana IV (1922–1983) Tupua Tamasese Tufuga Efi (b. 1938)
Notes: Morgan A. Tuimalealiʻifano (2006). O tama a ʻāiga: the politics of succession to Sāmoa's paramount titles. editorips@usp.ac.fj. p. 28. ISBN 9820203775.

See also

• Faʻamatai, the chiefly system of Samoa
• Legislative Assembly of Samoa