Turkistan (Kazakh: Түркістан / Türkıstan [tʉrkɘ̆sˈtɑn]) is a city and the administrative center of Turkistan Region of Kazakhstan, near the Syr Darya river. It is situated 160 km (100 mi) north-west of Shymkent on the Trans-Aral Railway between Kyzylorda to the north and Tashkent to the south. Its population has increased in ten years from 102,505 (1999 Census results)[2] to 142,899 (2009 Census results).[2] Turkistan's most prominent historical and cultural asset is the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a UNESCO World Heritage site.[3] The city is served by Hazrat Sultan International Airport.
Turkistan
Түркістан / Türkıstan (Kazakh) | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
  Turkistan Location in Kazakhstan | |
| Coordinates: 43°18′07″N 68°16′09″E / 43.30194°N 68.26917°E | |
| Country |  Kazakhstan |
| Region | Turkistan Region |
| Government | |
| • Akim (mayor) | Azimbek Pazylbekuly[1] |
| Population (2023) | |
| • City | 300,000 |
| • Urban | 250,000 |
In 2021, Turkistan was proclaimed by the Organization of Turkic States as "Spiritual Capital of the Turkic World".[4] In the same year, Turkistan was named as one of the top ten tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.[5]
Etymology
editThe modern city name of Turkistan (Kazakh: Түркістан, romanized: Türkıstan, pronounced [tʉrkɘ̆sˈtɑn]) is derived from the Turco-Persian phrase Hazrat-i-Turkistan[6] (Chagatai and Persian: حضرت ترکستان, meaning "Saint of Turkistan"), which is in reference to Ahmad Yasawi, a prominent 11th-century poet and Sufi who was associated with and rested in this city.
Prior to Ahmad Yasawi's era, and during a significant portion of the medieval to early-modern era, the city was referred to as Iasy (Chagatai and Persian: یسی) or Shavgar (Chagatai and Persian: شاوغر).
History
editTurkistan, one of Kazakhstan's historic cities, has an archaeological record dating back to the 4th century.[7]
The city emerged as a commercial hub following the decline of Otrar, an ancient city with remnants located southeast near the Syr Darya. Owing to the impact of Ahmad Yasawi, and in honor of his legacy, the city evolved into a significant hub for spiritual growth and Islamic education for the inhabitants of the Kazakh steppes. In the 1390s, Timur, the Turco-Mongol leader and the originator of the Timurid dynasty, constructed an impressive domed mazar or mausoleum over Yasawi's resting place. This structure stands as one of the most notable architectural landmarks in Kazakhstan. Until 2006, its image was featured on the reverse side of the country's banknotes.
The city also boasts other significant historical landmarks such as a medieval bath-house and four mausoleums. One of these is dedicated to Rabiya Sultan Begim, Timur's great-granddaughter, while the other three pay tribute to Kazakh khans (rulers).
Prior to the 19th-century Russian arrival, Turkistan was positioned at the boundary between the established Perso-Islamic oasis civilization of Transoxiana to its south and the vast expanse of the Kazakh steppes to its north.
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Turkistan rose to prominence as the capital of the Kazakh Khanate,[8] becoming the political epicenter of the Kazakh steppe. However, as the Russian Empire expanded its conquests and weakened the Kazakh Khanate, smaller southern states were overtaken. By 1864, Russian General Veryovkin had captured Turkistan for the Kokand Khanate. Subsequently, under Russian rule, it became a part of the Syr-Darya Oblast in the Governor-Generalship of Russian Turkistan. Following the collapse of the Tsarist regime between 1917-18, it briefly joined the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. By 1924, it became a part of the Kazakh ASSR within Soviet Russia.
On June 19, 2018, Shymkent was removed from the South Kazakhstan Region and placed directly under the governance of Kazakhstan. Concurrently, Turkistan became the regional administrative hub, and the region was renamed the Turkistan Region.[9]
In 2021, it was announced that the first 5G city will be set up in Turkistan. This project will be sponsored by Kcell and Ericsson.[10][clarification needed]
Pilgrimage
edit
The city draws thousands of pilgrims. As per local tradition, visiting Turkistan three times is akin to a single hajj to Mecca, a sentiment echoed in other revered sites across the Muslim world. Such high regard for the Saint led to Turkistan being dubbed the Second Mecca of the East, profoundly influencing the spiritual essence of Kazakhstan's Muslim community.[11]
Demographics
editTurkistan had a population of 165,000 in the 2019 census. The population rose by 10% from 1989 to 1999, making it the second fastest-growing town in Kazakhstan, after the new capital Astana.
The ethnic composition of the city:
The ethnic composition of the city according to the 1897 census:[12]
- total – 11,253
- Uzbeks – 8,940 (79.4%)
- Kazakhs – 1,415 (12.5%)
- Tatars – 506 (4.4%)
- Russians – 312 (2.7%)
At the same time the ethnic composition of the Chimkent uyezd (Chimkent district) which included the city of Turkistan according to the 1897 census:[13]
Tourism
editIn 2021, Keruen-Saray, Central Asia’s largest tourism complex, was opened in Turkistan. This unique attraction features merchants, artisans, a flying theater,[clarification needed] an amphitheater for equestrian shows, a bazaar, hotels, restaurants, a spa and fitness center, a cinema, and a family entertainment center. [14]
Transport
editThe city transport in Turkistan consists of buses and taxis.
Turkistan is served by Hazrat Sultan International Airport. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) NE from the centre of city.
Geography and climate
editTurkistan may be reached by train from Almaty, in a journey of nearly 20 hours. The road trip from the nearest airport at Shymkent takes about two hours.
Turkistan experiences a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with short, cold winters and long, dry, very hot summers. The vast majority of the annual precipitation falls between late autumn and late spring.
| Climate data for Turkistan (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) |
26.4 (79.5) |
30.7 (87.3) |
36.3 (97.3) |
40.5 (104.9) |
46.9 (116.4) |
47.9 (118.2) |
46.5 (115.7) |
41.9 (107.4) |
35.3 (95.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
47.9 (118.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.2 (95.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
3.2 (37.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.3 (81.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.6 (−28.5) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.2 (37.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
−31.8 (−25.2) |
−33.0 (−27.4) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25 (1.0) |
26 (1.0) |
31 (1.2) |
23 (0.9) |
21 (0.8) |
8 (0.3) |
4 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
12 (0.5) |
26 (1.0) |
26 (1.0) |
207 (8.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 4 (1.6) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
4 (1.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 37.9 |
| Average rainy days | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 60 |
| Average snowy days | 7 | 6 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2 | 5 | 23 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 73 | 63 | 50 | 43 | 33 | 34 | 32 | 36 | 51 | 69 | 79 | 54 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 138 | 155 | 199 | 247 | 337 | 382 | 401 | 383 | 315 | 248 | 167 | 122 | 3,094 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 8.5 |
| Source 1: Pogodaiklimat[15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961-1990),[16][17] Deutscher Wetterdienst (daily sun 1961-1990)[18] | |||||||||||||
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ "Азимбек Пазылбекулы назначен новым акимом Туркестана". inform.kz (in Russian). 2024-10-01. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
- ^ a b "Население Республики Казахстан" [Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ^ "World Heritage List". UNESCO.
- ^ "Turkistan Declaration of the Informal Summit of the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States". Turkic Council.
- ^ "Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations". The Astana Times. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica (2007): Related Articles to "Ahmed Yesevi, or Ahmad Yasawi, or Ahmed Yasavi (Turkish author)", accessed March 18, 2007". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- ^ "Archeological monuments of Turkistan". Natcom.unesco.kz. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ Туркестан — столица Казахского ханства
- ^ "Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан"" (in Russian). President of Kazakhstan. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ "First Fully 5G City in Kazakhstan to Be Founded in Turkistan". The Astana Times. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- ^ Privatsky (2001)
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly — Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly — Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей
- ^ "Turkistan Opens Keruen-Saray - Central Asia's Largest Tourist Complex". The Astana Times. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Weather and Climate - The Climate of Turkestan (Turkistan)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ "Turkestan Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ "Turkestan Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Turkestan / Kasachstan" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
- ^ "Kardeş Şehir Hamm" (in Turkish). Afyonkarahisar. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ "Kardeş Belediyeler" (in Turkish). Keçiören. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ "Токаев и Алиев подписали декларацию об «укреплении стратегических отношений» между Казахстаном и Азербайджаном". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Azattyq Radiosy. 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
References
edit
- Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1888). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (9th ed.). pp. 631–640.
- Privratsky, Bruce G. (2001). Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory Curzon Press, Richmond, Surrey UK.
External links
edit