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Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'

(Redirected from Turkestan elm)

The Siberian elm cultivar Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa' was raised by Georg Dieck, as Ulmus pinnato-ramosa, at the National Arboretum, Zöschen, Germany, from seed collected for him circa 1890 in the Ili valley, Turkestan (then a region of the Russian Empire, now part of Kazakhstan) by the lawyer and amateur naturalist Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki while in exile there.[1][2] Litvinov (1908) treated it as a variety of Siberian elm, U. pumila var. arborea [3] but this taxon was ultimately rejected by Green, who sank the tree as a cultivar: "in modern terms, it does not warrant recognition at this rank but is a variant of U. pumila maintained and known only in cultivation, and therefore best treated as a cultivar".[4] Herbarium specimens confirm that trees in cultivation in the 20th century as U. pumila L. var. arborea Litv. were no different from 'Pinnato-ramosa' (see 'External links').

Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'
'Pinnato-ramosa', Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, planted 1902
SpeciesUlmus pumila
Cultivar'Pinnato-ramosa'
OriginGermany

'Pinnato-ramosa' is one of a number of elms that have at various times been called 'Turkestan Elm'.[5] That name has also been applied to dense-branched Central Asian elms like U. densa and 'Androssowii',[6] to U. turkestanica Regel[7] (which Elwes and Henry confused with 'Pinnato-ramosa' in their Synonymy list[8] but which Regel himself had regarded as a form of field elm[9]), and to U. minor 'Umbraculifera' (which Green considered synonymous with Ulmus turkestanica Regel, naming it U. 'Turkestanica'[4]). The Späth nursery of Berlin, Kew Gardens, and the Arboretum national des Barres treated U. turkestanica Regel as a cultivar distinct from U. pinnato-ramosa and 'Umbraculifera'.[10][11][12][13][14]

Description

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'Pinnato-ramosa' grows very vigorously, and can ultimately make a large tree,[15] however it also has a straggling, untidy habit, producing long shoots 0.60–0.95 m in length.[8] Dieck also described the unusual arrangement of the branch and shoots: 'The branches are organized in a way that each offshoot lies in the same plane as the main branch or stem, like the quill and filaments of a bird feather'.[1] The cultivar name derives from this pinnate-branched appearance. The tree is chiefly distinguished from U. pumila by its greater height and more slender leaves.[16][17] The leaves, which have pinnate venation, are 4–7 cm in length, ovate-lanceolate, with double-toothed margins, and finely pointed.[18]

Pests and diseases

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Though resistant to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease (DED),[19] 'Pinnato-ramosa' has not been scientifically tested for resistance to the later strain. Several old specimens have survived unscathed by the disease (see 'Notable trees').

Cultivation

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Dieck gave several specimens to the Späth nursery, which exported the tree across Europe, and to the USA. A specimen from Späth, incorrectly listed as Ulmus pinnato-racemosa, was planted at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada, in 1898.[7] Some of these trees still survive, notably in the UK, and North America. Clibrans' nursery of Altrincham, Cheshire, supplied the tree in the UK in the early 20th century;[20] the tree was later propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire from 1949, with 48 sold in the period 1962 to 1977, when production ceased.[21][22]

Landowners in Italy in the 1930s were advised to plant 'Pinnato-ramosa' to replace native elms lost to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease.[19] Introduced to Croatia from Italy, 'Pinnato-ramosa' can now be found in many places along the Croatian littoral, where it is known as 'Turkestan Elm'.[5] An Ulmus turkestanica (listed separately from 'Umbraculifera'), "a compact grower with smallish leaves", appeared in early 20th-century catalogues of the Gembrook or Nobelius Nursery near Melbourne, Australia.[23] 'Pinnato-ramosa' is a rather loosely-branched tree,[24] so the Nobelius introduction may have been Ulmus turkestanica Regel rather than the Siberian elm cultivar.

By the 1930s, when 'Pinnato-ramosa' was being recommended as resistant to early-strain DED,[19] the "Turkestan elm" in nursery lists, as descriptions show, was usually this cultivar, not U. turkestanica Regel.[25] The Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, sold an "Ulmus turkestanica Reg." in this decade, but gave U. pumila arborea Litv. as a synonym.[26]

The tree was included in the early stages of the Dutch elm breeding programme, but was dropped owing to the susceptibility of its flowers, which emerge in early February, to frost.[27]

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    Pruned Ulmus pumila var. arborea, Khiva, Uzbekistan (2016)

Notable trees

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In the UK, one of three trees labelled Ulmus pinnato-ramosa obtained from Späth in 1902 by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh survives (2020),[28] measuring 15 m height × 82 cm d.b.h. in 2004.[13] Though its U. pumila identity is not in doubt,[29] the tree itself bears the non-specific label Ulmus 'Pinnato-ramosa' (2020). A specimen at Mote Park in Kent measured 20 m × 80 cm in 2009.[30] Across the Atlantic, a probable 'Pinnato-ramosa' grows in the grounds of the Gillett-Beer Farm, Chicago Road, Warren, a suburb within the Detroit Metropolitan Area; the tree was 45 m tall, with a d.b.h. of 155 cm in 2012. [2]

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    Winter silhouette of RBGE 'Pinnato-ramosa'
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    'Pinnato-ramosa' in flower, RBGE
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    Emerging leaves of 'Pinnato-ramosa', RBGE
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    'Pinnato-ramosa', Portsmouth, UK. 20m height, bole 3.33m girth

Synonymy

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  • U. pumila var. pinnato-ramosa[8]
  • U. pumila var. arborea[4]

Accessions

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North America
Europe

Hybrid cultivars

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References

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  1. ^ a b Dieck, G. (1894). Neuheiten-Offerten des National-Arboretums zu Zöschen bei Merseburg, 1894/95.
  2. ^ Hansen, N. How to produce that $1000 premium apple, in Minnesota State Hort. Soc. (1900). Trees, fruits & flowers of Minnesota. Vol. 28. 470–1. Forgotten Books, London, 2013. ISBN 9781153197953
  3. ^ U. pumila L. var. arborea Litwinow, in Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae No. 1992, &: 460 (1908)
  4. ^ a b c Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  5. ^ a b Trinajstić, I. (2001). Turkestan elm - Ulmus pinnato-ramosa in 'The Dendroflora of Croatia', Šumarski list (:Journal of Forestry) 9–10, CXXV, 2001; 533–537.
  6. ^ Rickmers, W. Rickmer, The Duab of Turkestan, a physiographic sketch and account of some travels (Cambridge, 1913)
  7. ^ a b Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). Ottawa. 1899. p. 76.
  8. ^ a b c Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. pp. 1926–1927.
  9. ^ "Literatur". Gartenflora. 33: 28. 1884.
  10. ^ Katalog (PDF). Vol. 108. Berlin, Germany: L. Späth Baumschulenweg. 1902–1903. pp. 132–133.
  11. ^ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  12. ^ Hand-list of trees and shrubs grown in the Arboretum, Kew Gardens (London, 1902), p.623
  13. ^ a b "List of Living Accessions: Ulmus". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  14. ^ Léon, Pardé (1906). Arboretum national des Barres. Énumération des végétaux ligneux indigènes et exotiques qui y sont cultivées. Paris. p. 250. Retrieved 23 August 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ J., White; D., More (2003). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell, London. ISBN 0-304-36192-5.
  16. ^ A., Mitchell (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Collins, London. p. 254. ISBN 0002120356.
  17. ^ Diagnostic photographs of Turkestan elms, their leaves and samarae, in the Björngårdsvägen, Södermalm, Stockholm, the Enkehusparken in Vasastan, Stockholm, and the Norra Kyrkogården in Solna, Sweden: www.tradgardsakademin.se [1]
  18. ^ "Herbarium specimen - E00212454". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. RBGE leaves specimen from Späth nursery, 1902 (2004); "Herbarium specimen - E00212455". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. RBGE flowers specimen from Späth nursery, 1902 (2004); "Herbarium specimen - E00824816". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. RBGE specimen from Späth nursery, 1902; "Herbarium specimen - L.1582529". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. pumila L. arborea Litv., Arnold Arboretum specimen, 1930; "Herbarium specimen - L.1582539". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. pumila L. arborea Litv.; samara specimen; "Herbarium specimen - L.1582538". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. pumila L. arborea Litv.; 1938 specimen, Romania; "Herbarium specimen - L.1582536". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. pumila L. arborea Litv.; formerly called U. pinnato-ramosa, specimen from Hesse nursery, Weener, 1954; "Herbarium specimen - L.1582530". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet labelled U. pumila L. arborea Litv.; formerly called U. pinnato-ramosa, specimen from Zuiderpark, The Hague, 1962
  19. ^ a b c Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi (New Haven, 1936), p.737, p.710
  20. ^ Clibrans, Ltd. (1909). Ornamental Trees Shrubs & Climbers. Season: 1909-10. Altrincham, Cheshire, UK: . p. 29
  21. ^ Hillier & Sons (1977). Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.
  22. ^ Hillier & Sons Sales inventory 1962 to 1977 (unpublished).
  23. ^ Gembrook or Nobelius Nursery, Melbourne, 1916 catalogue
  24. ^ Clouston, B., & Stansfield, K., eds., After the Elm (London 1979), p.39
  25. ^ Catalogue générale, automne 1936 – printemps 1937, Pépinières Boccard Frères, Geneva, 1936, p.30
  26. ^ Hesse, Hermann Albert (1933). Preis- und Sortenliste. pp. 91–92. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  27. ^ Went, J. (1954). The Dutch Elm Disease – Summary of fifteen years' hybridization and selection work (1937–1952). European Journal of Plant Pathology. 02(1954); 60(2): 109–1276.
  28. ^ H. M., Heybroek; L, Goudzwaard; H., Kaljee (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). Centraal Boekhuis. p. 29. ISBN 978-9050112819.
  29. ^ RBGE Living Collections Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'
  30. ^ Johnson, O. (ed.). (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. 300 pages. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. ISBN 978-1842464526
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